Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (Dietary Reference Series)

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin,

Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic

Acid, Biotin, and Choline

A Report of the Standing Committee on the Scientific

Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel
on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline and
Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients,
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine

ISBN: 0-309-59725-0, 592 pages, 6 x 9, (1998)

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html
DRI
DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES
FOR
Thiamin, Riboflavin,
Niacin, Vitamin B ,
6
Folate, Vitamin B ,
12
Pantothenic Acid,
Biotin, and Choline
A Report of the
Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation
of Dietary Reference Intakes and its
Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline and
Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients
Food and Nutrition Board
Institute of Medicine
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS • 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. • Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board
of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of
Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their
special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This project was funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Contract No. 282-96-0033, T01; the National
Institutes of Health Office of Nutrition Supplements, Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, T024,
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Preven-
tion and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity; Health Canada; the
Institute of Medicine; and the Dietary Reference Intakes Corporate Donors’ Fund. Contribu-
tors to the Fund include Roche Vitamins Inc, Mead Johnson Nutrition Group, Daiichi Fine
Chemicals, Inc, Kemin Foods, Inc, M&M Mars, Weider Nutrition Group, and Natural Source
Vitamin E Association. The opinions or conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily
reflect those of the funders.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B, folate, vitamin
6
B , pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline / a report of the Standing Committee on the
12
Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B
Vitamins, and Choline and Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients, Food
and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-309-06554-2 (pbk.) -- ISBN 0-309-06411-2 (case)
1. Vitamin B in human nutrition. 2. Reference values (Medicine) I. Institute of
Medicine (U.S.). Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference
Intakes. II. Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline.
III. Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients.
QP772.V52 D53 2000
612.3′99--dc21 00-028380
Additional copies of this report are available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution
Avenue, N.W., Lock Box 285, Washington, DC 20055. Call [phone] or [phone]
(in the Washington metropolitan area), or visit the NAP’s on-line bookstore at http:/
www.nap.edu.
For more information about the Institute of Medicine or the Food and Nutrition Board, visit
the IOM home page at http://www.nas.edu/iom.
Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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by the Institute of Medicine is based on a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the
Staatliche Museen in Berlin.
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html
“Knowing is not enough; we must apply.
Willing is not enough; we must do.”
—Goethe
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
Shaping the Future for Health
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society
of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicat-
ed to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general
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Academy of Sciences.
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Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html
PANEL ON FOLATE, OTHER B VITAMINS, AND CHOLINE
ROY M. PITKIN (Chair), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
University of California, Los Angeles (Professor Emeritus) and
Obstetrics & Gynecology (Editor), Los Angeles
LINDSAY H. ALLEN, Department of Nutrition, University of California,
Davis
LYNN B. BAILEY, Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
University of Florida, Gainesville
MERTON BERNFIELD, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical
School, Boston
PHILLIPE De WALS, Department of Community Health Sciences,
University of Sherbrooke, Quebec
RALPH GREEN, Department of Pathology, University of California at
Davis Medical Center, Sacramento
DONALD B. McCORMICK, Department of Biochemistry, Emory
University School of Medicine, Atlanta
ROBERT M. RUSSELL, Department of Medicine and Nutrition at the
Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition
Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston
BARRY SHANE, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of
California, Berkeley
STEVEN H. ZEISEL, Department of Nutrition, University of North
Carolina School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Chapel
Hill
IRWIN H. ROSENBERG, Clinical Nutrition Division, the Jean Mayer
U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center
on Aging, Tufts University and New England Medical Center, Boston,
Liaison to the Panel from the Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of
Nutrients
Staff
CAROL W. SUITOR, Study Director
ELISABETH A. REESE, Research Associate
ALICE L. KULIK, Research Assistant
MICHELE RAMSEY, Project Assistant
v
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html
SUBCOMMITTEE ON UPPER REFERENCE
LEVELS OF NUTRIENTS
IAN C. MUNRO (Chair), CanTox, Inc., Mississauga, Ontario
WALTER MERTZ, Retired, U.S. Department of Agriculture Human
Nutrition Research Center, Rockville, Maryland
RITA B. MESSING, Division of Environmental Health, Minnesota
Department of Health, St. Paul
SANFORD A. MILLER, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio
SUZANNE P. MURPHY, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University
of California, Berkeley
JOSEPH V. RODRICKS, ENVIRON Corporation, Arlington, Virginia
IRWIN H. ROSENBERG, Clinical Nutrition Division, the Jean Mayer
U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center
on Aging, Tufts University and New England Medical Center, Boston
STEVE L. TAYLOR, Department of Food Science and Technology and
Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
ROBERT H. WASSERMAN, Department of Physiology, College of
Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca
Consultants
SHEILA DUBOIS, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa
HERBERT BLUMENTHAL, Retired, Food and Drug Administration,
Washington, D.C.
Staff
SANDRA SCHLICKER, Study Director
ELISABETH A. REESE, Research Associate
GERALDINE KENNEDO, Project Assistant
vi
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html
STANDING COMMITTEE ON THE SCIENTIFIC
EVALUATION OF DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES
VERNON R. YOUNG (Chair), Laboratory of Human Nutrition, School
of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
JOHN W. ERDMAN, JR. (Vice-Chair), Division of Nutritional Sciences,
College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
JANET C. KING (Vice-Chair), University of California, Berkeley, and U.S.
Department of Agriculture Western Human Nutrition Research
Center, Presidio of San Francisco
LINDSAY H. ALLEN, Department of Nutrition, University of California,
Davis
STEPHANIE A. ATKINSON, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health
Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
JOHANNA T. DWYER, Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England
Medical Center and Tufts University, Boston
JOHN D. FERNSTROM, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic,
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh
SCOTT M. GRUNDY, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
CHARLES H. HENNEKENS, Department of Medicine, Ambulatory Care
and Prevention and Division of Preventive Medicine, Harvard
Medical School, Boston
SANFORD A. MILLER, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
U.S. Government Liaison
LINDA MEYERS, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.
Canadian Government Liaison
PETER W.F. FISCHER, Nutrition Research Division, Health Protection
Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa
Staff
ALLISON A. YATES, Study Director
SANDRA SCHLICKER, Senior Program Officer
CAROL W. SUITOR, Senior Program Officer
ELISABETH A. REESE, Research Associate
ALICE L. KULIK, Research Assistant
GAIL E. SPEARS, Administrative Assistant
GERALDINE KENNEDO, Project Assistant
MICHELE RAMSEY, Project Assistant
vii
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html
FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD
CUTBERTO GARZA (Chair), Division of Nutrition, Cornell University,
Ithaca
JOHN W. ERDMAN, JR. (Vice-Chair), Division of Nutritional Sciences,
College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
LINDSAY H. ALLEN, Department of Nutrition, University of California,
Davis
BENJAMIN CABALLERO, Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins
School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore
ROBERT J. COUSINS, Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of
Florida, Gainesville
FERGUS M. CLYDESDALE, Department of Food Science, University of
Massachusetts, Amherst
MICHAEL P. DOYLE, Department of Food Science and Technology,
Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, University of
Georgia, Griffin
JOHANNA T. DWYER, Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England
Medical Center and Tufts University, Boston
SCOTT M. GRUNDY, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
CHARLES H. HENNEKENS, Department of Medicine, Ambulatory Care
and Prevention and Division of Preventive Medicine, Harvard
Medical School, Boston
JANET C. KING, University of California, Berkeley, and U.S. Department
of Agriculture Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Presidio
of San Francisco
SANFORD A. MILLER, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
ROSS L. PRENTICE, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred
Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle
A. CATHARINE ROSS, Department of Nutrition, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park
ROBERT E. SMITH, R.E. Smith Consulting, Inc., Newport, Vermont
VIRGINIA A. STALLINGS, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition,
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
VERNON R. YOUNG, Laboratory of Human Nutrition, School of
Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
viii
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html
Ex-Officio Member
STEVE L. TAYLOR, Department of Food Science and Technology and
Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Staff
ALLISON A. YATES, Director
GAIL E. SPEARS, Administrative Assistant
CARLOS GABRIEL, Financial Associate
ix
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.