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Diet for a Small Lake PDF

318 Pages·2012·8.55 MB·English
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Diet for a Small Lake The Expanded Guide to New York State Lake and Watershed Management Second Edition PhotograPh by Carl heilman ii / Wild Visions, inC. Prepared by the New York State Federation of Lake Associations, Inc. in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Diet for a Small Lake The Expanded Guide to New York State Lake and Watershed Management Second Edition, 2009 Copyright © 2009 New York State Federation of Lake Associations, Inc. (except for images credited to specifc people or organizations, and images credited to various government agencies) All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by an information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the New York State Federation of Lake Associations, Inc. unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Citation: NYSFOLA. 2009. Diet for a Small Lake: The Expanded Guide to New York State Lake and Watershed Management. New York State Federation of Lake Associations, Inc. CONTRIBUTORS EDITORIAL CONTROL Scott Kishbaugh Sharon K. Anderson Sharon K. Anderson Nancy Craft Rebecca Schneider Scott Kishbaugh Lyle Raymond Nancy Mueller John Foster George C. Kelley Jim Cunningham Cover photograph copyright Carl Heilman II / Wild Visions, Inc., used with permission. Book design and typesetting by Roy Reehil, The Forager Press, LLC. Printed in the USA on recycled paper. See Preface Two for more details, including artists and others. Cataloging Data New York Federation of Lake Associations, Inc. Diet for a small lake: the expanded guide to New York State lake and watershed management. 2d ed. / NYSFOLA in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation: NYSFOLA: 2009. xv, 352 p. : ill. ; 27 cm. Includes index, bibliographical and internet references. ISBN 978-0-9823547-0-4 (Hard cover) ISBN 978-0-9823547-1-1 (Soft cover) 1. Lakes—Management. 2. Watershed management. 3. Lake ecology. 4. Fishery management. I. New York (State) Department of Environmental Conservation. II. Title. DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of either the New York State Federation of Lake Associations, Inc. (NYSFOLA) or the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). Any mention of a commercial product, frm or service should not be construed as an endorsement by NYSFOLA or DEC. To the authors’ knowledge, the information contained within was correct and accurate at the time of publication. The suggestions contained in this book will serve as a guide and are not necessarily appropriate for every lake, nor are they intended as a substitution for the services of a lake management professional. Copies of this book are available from New York State Federation of Lake Associations, Inc. Phone/Fax: 1-800-796-3652 • www.nysfola.org Contents 2 From Montauk to Erie: Diet for a Small Lake 7850 New York State Lakes Introduction 21 Water, water everywhere 21 What’s in a name 21 Lake classifications and characteristics 21 Best intentions 21 Water-quality parameters 22 The Expanded Guide to Box 2-1: A tale of two lakes 22 New York State Lake and What’s the dirt on New York State lakes? 24 Watershed Management Bureaucratic tags 25 Ecozones and ecoregions 25 PhotograPh by Carl heilman ii / Wild Visions, inC. Hydrologic Unit Codes 26 Location, location, location 26 Preface to the Second Edition xiii Long Island and New York City lakes 26 Preface to the First Edition xv Downstate lakes 28 Box 2-2: Snapshot of the New York City About NYSFOLA xvii Reservoirs 29 Introduction: Designing a Health Plan for a Lake Central New York lakes 30 Welcome xix Adirondack lakes 32 The ideal lake xix Finger Lakes region lakes 34 Lake management xx Western New York lakes 36 Accept what you cannot change and Summing it up 37 manage the rest xx 3 Lake Problems: Acid Rain to Zebra Mussels How to use this manual xxi Introduction 39 Summing it up xxi Problems, problems, problems 39 1 Lake Ecology: Getting your Feet Wet Invasive species: A new focus for Introduction 1 a growing problem 41 A lake by any other name 1 Nuisance plants: Aquatic plants gone wild 41 In the beginning… 2 Nuisance algae: It’s not easy being green 46 The power of glaciers 2 Exotic but not rare animals 47 Human hands shape the land 4 Box 3-1: Case study: Water colors 4 Algal toxins in Craine Lake 48 The water cycle 5 Pathogens: Itching swimmers and What’s so special about water? 6 water fowlers 50 At the base of the ecosystem 8 Box 3-2: Case study: The cycles of the elements 10 Impacts of waterfowl on Collins Lake 51 Food webs 11 Acid raining, mercury rising and Little green dots and other stuff 12 other toxic troubles 52 Weeding through the larger plants 12 The emerging frontier: Primary consumers 14 From the pharmacy and laboratory 54 Box 1-1: The vanishing Common Loon: Tastes bad 54 Harbinger of trouble in the food chain 15 Case of the disappearing lake 54 Second-order consumers and beyond 15 Curiosities 55 Lake habitats 16 Poor fishing 56 Lake eutrophication and the Box 3-3: Case study: Responding to an succession of lakes 17 emergency—Koi Herpes virus 56 Really big picture stuff 19 People problems 57 Summing it up 19 Summing it up 57 v Diet For A SmAll lAke 4 Problem Diagnosis: 5 Fisheries Management: Seeing Beyond the Symptoms Matching Expectations to Reality nItroducotin 59 nItroducotin 95 Box 4-1: Concentraotin versuso lad 59 Gathernig sfihereis niformaotin 95 Montoirnig 60 Habtaimti l ntig factors and ccrtia plarameters 96 Why? 60 Physciami l ntig factors 97 Who? 61 Chemciami l ntig factors 98 Long, olng ago (1926 to 1980) 61 Boiolgciami l ntig factors 99 Recenytl defunct programs (1980 to 2000) 62 Sceincfti technqiues for conducntig Ongonig programs 62 sfihereis surveys 100 Academci,o lca glovernment Fsih surveys 100 and prviate montoirs 63 Angelr surveys 101 Voulnteer montoirnig and CSLAP 65 Habtait surveys 102 What? 66 Anaylssi of sfih popualotins 103 Secch idsik transparency 66 Fsih communtyi structure 103 Temperature and dsisovled oxygen proelfis 67 Popualotin structure 104 Precpitaiotin anda lkee lve ml ontoirnig 68 Fsih popualotin szie 105 Macrophyte surveys and mappnig 68 Popualotin we blenig 106 Water chemsitry parameters 69 Managnig sfih popualotins 107 Sampnilg technqiues 70 Managnig sfih habtait 110 Nutreints 70 Managnig the angelr 113 Cholrophy al 71 Educaotin to adujst expectaotins 113 Palnkton 71 Ecoolgy 113 Conducvtityi 71 Fsihereis regualotins 114 Dsisovled organci carbon 72 Harvest regualotins 114 Coolr 72 Summnig t iup 115 Turbdityi 72 Aklaniltyi and pH 72 Metasl, tracers and organci compounds 73 6 Aquatic Plants: Not Just Weeds Mcirobai alnaylses 74 nItroducotin 117 Sedmi ents hodl cules 75 Aquacti palnts ni the ecosystem 117 What other niformaotin shoudl be coelcted? 76 Preparnig for acotin 118 Envrionmenta slentig 76 Deveolpnig a paln 118 Foolwnig the oflw 78 Aquacti palnt diencftiaotin 118 Dye tesntig 78 Who’s ni charge 119 Dam nispecotin 78 An ounce of prevenotin 120 Cutulra clontext 79 Rapdi response 121 Surveys for quatailvtie niformaotin 79 Palnt management technqiues: What works? 122 dIenftiynig gaps and coelcntig addotina l Loca ml anagement acvtietis 123 niformaotin 80 Hand harvesntig 123 Back to square one 80 Prnicpiel 123 Where? 81 Advantages and dsiadvantages 124 When? 82 Box 6-1 nIsdier’s gudie to How do we use a tlhlese data? 82 hand harvesntig weeds 124 Trophci state 82 Target and non-target palnts 125 Raotis 84 Costs 125 Meentig the standards 84 Regualtory sisues 125 Budgets for wate, rnutreints Hsitory and case studeis ni and other poultants 86 New York State 125 Taknig advantage of realotinshpis and niterconnecotins 88 Dvier harvesntig 126 Modenilg 89 Prnicpiel 126 How much w t ilcliost? 90 Advantages and dsiadvantages 126 Thea lkeo loks bad 91 Box 6-2: Case study: Hand harvesntig by Symptoms determniaotin 91 dviers ni Upper Saranac Lake 126 Causes determniaotin 92 Target and non-target palnts 128 Sources determniaotin and acotins 92 Costs 128 Brnignig t iback to “Why?” 93 Regualtory sisues 128 Summnig t iup 93 Hsitory and case studeis ni New York State 129 vi ContentS Benhtci barerirs 129 Grass carp 148 Pnricpiel 129 Pnricpiel 148 Advanatges and dsiadvanatges 129 Advanatges and dsiadvanatges 148 Targe tand non-atrge tpalnst 130 Targe tand non-atrge tpalnst 150 Cosst 130 Cosst 150 Box 6-3 :Ann isdiers gudie ot Regualotrys isues 150 benhtci barerirs 131 Hsiotry and case sutdeisn i Regualotrys isues 132 New York Satet 151 Hsiotry and case sutdeisn i New York Satet 132 Rootvanitg / Hydroraknig 132 Box 6-9 :Case sutdy :Grass carpn i Pnricpiel 132 Lake Mahopac and Lake Carme 1l51 Advanatges and dsiadvanatges 133 Box 6-10 :Case sutdy :Anecdoat relporst Targe tand non-atrge tpalnst 133 regardnig hte use of grass carpn i Cosst 133 Pylmouht Reservor i 152 Regualotrys isues 133 Aquacit herbcidies 153 Hsiotry and case sutdeisn i New York Satet 134 Pnricpiel 153 Lakewdie or whoel-alke managemen tacveititis 134 Advanatges and dsiadvanatges 154 Mechancia hlarvesnitg 134 Targe tand non-atrge tpalnst 155 Pnricpiel 134 Cosst 157 Advanatges and dsiadvanatges 134 Targe tand non-atrge tpalnst 136 Regualotrys isues 157 Cosst 136 Hsiotry and case sutdeisn i Regualotrys isues 136 New York Satet 157 Hsiotry and case sutdeisn i New York Satet 136 Box 6-11 :Case sutdy :Aquacit herbcidies Box 6-4 :Case sutdy :Mechancia hlarvesnitg ni Waneat and Lamoka Lakes 158 ni Saraotga Lake 137 Box 6-12 :Case sutdy :Aquacit herbcidies Dredgnig 138 ni Snyders Lake 159 Pnricpiel 138 Shadnig 160 Advanatges and dsiadvanatges 138 Pnricpiel 160 Targe tand non-atrge tpalnst 139 Advanatges and dsiadvanatges 160 Cosst 139 Box 6-5 :Case sutdy :Dredgnig on Targe tand non-atrge tpalnst 160 Conils Lake 139 Cosst 160 Box 6-6 :Case sutdy :Dredgnig Regualotrys isues 160 on Ann Lee Pond 140 Hsiotry and case sutdeisn i Regualotrys isues 140 New York Satet 161 Hsiotry and case sutdeisn i New York Satet 140 Box 6-13 :Case sutdy :Mupitlel srtaetgeis Waet-relve dlrawdown 141 fonr ivasvie speceis conrto l Pnricpiel 141 ni Adroindack Lake 161 Advanatges and dsiadvanatges 141 nIetgraetd Paln tManagemen t(PIM) Targe tand non-atrge tpalnst 142 Box 6-14 :Case sutdyn :Ietgraetd Paln t Cosst 143 Regualotrys isues 143 Managemen etchnqiuesn i Hsiotry and case sutdeisn i New York Satet 143 Lake George 162 Boiolgcia clonrto 1l43 Ohter managemen tacveititis 163 Herbviorousn isecst 143 Decsioin rtees for Eurasain waetrmfol ili Pnricpiel 143 and waetr chesntu t 164 Box 6-7 :Case sutdy :Herbviorousn isecst— Punitg ta i otlgehter :The ar tof aquacit Nautra clonrton il Cayuga Lake 144 paln tmanagemen t 164 Advanatges and dsiadvanatges 145 The convergence omf it nigo ,lngevyti and Targe tand non-atrge tpalnst 146 pubcil percepoitn 164 Cosst 146 Sacfirinig hte wrong palnst 164 Regualotrys isues 146 Hsiotry and case sutdeisn i New York Satet 147 A alre equa blu tsome are more equa 1l64 Box 6-8 :Case sutdy :Herbviorousn isecst— Theres i no such htnig as eradciaoitn 167 Acvite managemen t 147 Summnig tu ip 167 vii Diet For A SmAll lAke 7 Algae and Other Undesirables: Barely straw 186 Prnicpiel 186 Geting Rid of Yuck Advantages and dsiadvantages 187 nItroducotin 169 Aglae contro bly physcia ml eans 169 Costs 187 Arcftiai clricualotin 169 Regualtory sisues 187 Prnicpiel 169 Hsitory and case studeis ni Advantages and dsiadvantages 170 New York State 188 Costs 170 Other ni-alke probelms 188 Regualtory sisues 171 Nusiance speceis management 188 Hsitory and case studeis ni Waterfow clontro sltrategeis 188 New York State 171 Box 7-6: Case study: Waterfow clontro l Box 7-1: Case study: Arcftiai clricualotin on Conils Lake 189 ni East Sdiney Reservori 171 Swmi mers tcih 190 Hypomil noin aeraotin 171 Muscnilg out the zebra (and quagga) Prnicpiel 171 mussesl 191 Advantages and dsiadvantages 172 Box 7-7: Case study: nIvasvie speceis Costs 172 contro nil Lake George 192 Regualtory sisues 172 Leeches 192 Hsitory and case studeis ni New York State 172 Seaa lmprey 193 Box 7-2: Case study: Aeraotin ni Just skmi mni’ the surface 193 Lake Waccabuc 172 Water-quatyil probelms 193 Hypomil necti wthidrawa l 173 Mgtiantig acdi rani efects Prnicpiel 173 Advantages and dsiadvantages 174 throughmi l nig 193 Costs 174 Prnicpiel 193 Regualtory sisues 174 Box 7-8: Case study: Lake pH Hsitory and case studeis ni neutrazilaotin ni Wof lPond 194 New York State 174 Advantages and dsiadvantages 195 Aglae contro wl thi chemciasl 175 Costs 195 Aglacdies 175 Regualtory sisues 196 Prnicpiel 175 Hsitory and case studeis ni Advantages and dsiadvantages 175 New York State 196 Box 7-3: Case study: Aglacdies ni Box 7-9: Case study: Large scael Baslton and Kniderhook Lakes 177 management – Lake pH neutrazilaotin Costs 178 wthimi l e 197 Regualtory sisues 178 Taste and odor probelms 197 Hsitory and case studeis ni Not so celar 197 New York State 178 ’mI not gonna drnik that! 198 Nutreint precpitaiotin and niacvtiaotin 178 Other ni-alke management soulotins for Prnicpiel 178 water-quatyil probelms, and why Advantages and dsiadvantages 179 they are gvien short shrfit here 198 Costs 180 Duliotin and uflshnig 198 Regualtory sisues 180 Hsitory and case studeis ni Fung, ibacterai, and vria plathogens 198 New York State 180 Sedmi ent oxdiaotin 199 Box 7-4: Case study: Nutreint niacvtiaotin Nutreint addotin 199 (aulm) ni Kniderhook Lake 181 Can’t stand the nosie 199 Aglae contro tlhrough boiolgy 182 Summnig t iup 199 Boimanpiualotin and sfih stocknig 182 Prnicpiel 182 Advantages and dsiadvantages 183 Costs 184 Regualtory sisues 184 Hsitory and case studeis ni New York State 184 Box 7-5: Case study: Boimanpiualotin ni Fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana) Moe Pond 185 (C redit: CroW and hellquist) viii ContentS 8 UserC oncfilts:L earnnigt oS hare Tertiaty treatment 225 nIrtoducoitn 201 Post treatment 226 nIcompabitel uses 201 Solids-handling systems 226 Waet-relves ilsues 202 Phosphorus and nitrogen removal 226 Pubcil accesss isues 202 Role of lake associations 228 nIcompabitel uses :Use and user conciflst 203 Nonpoint source pollution controls 228 Use rescrtioitns 203 Best Management Practices 228 Box 8-1 :Case sutdy :Speedmi l sti on Box 9-2: Pollution control guidelines for hte Eeri Canawl ay . 203 lakeshore homeowners 229 Box 8-2 :Case sutdy :Access permsti for Erosion and stormwater runoff 229 hte New York Cyti Reservor Siysetm . 204 Agricultural sources 230 Lake zonnig 204 Box 9-3: Case study: Agricultural Best Swmi mnig prohbietid 205 Roel oaf lke assocaioitns 205 Management Practices 230 Waet-relves ilsues 205 Residential development 231 Waet-relve clonrto 2l05 Town maintenance 231 Fxinig hte dam 206 Nutrients and pathogens 232 Dock managemen t 207 Agricultural sources 232 Box 8-3 :Case sutdy :Dock managemen t Urban sources: On-site wastewater usnig de-ciers . 208 treatment systems 233 Roel oaf lke assocaioitns 209 Traditional septic systems 233 Pubcil accesss isues 209 Alternatives to traditional septic systems 234 Guardnig hte keys ot htea lke 209 Box 9-4: Case study: Septic User fees andci lenses 210 management and education 234 Lfeis’ a beach 210 Systems for small communities 235 Roel oaf lke assocaioitns 210 Summnig tu ip 211 Role of lake associations 236 Pesticides 236 Agricultural uses 237 9 Watershed management: The Big Picture Homeowner uses 237 Introduction 213 Antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, and Natural water flowpaths 213 health care products 237 Human effects on watersheds 215 Human effects on water quality 217 Role of lake associations 238 What can you do? 218 Natural-areas management 238 General strategies for watershed management 218 Forestry Best Management Practices 239 Regulation 218 Streamside erosion control 239 Box 9-1: Sample ordinance: Buffer strips or greenbelts 240 Streamside protection setback 219 Streambank and roadbank stabilization Stakeholder outreach and education 219 and management 240 Financial incentives 219 Summing it up 240 Comprehensive watershed planning 220 Management of growth 221 Zoning 221 Zoning variances 222 Reality check on the power of zoning controls 222 Land acquisition 222 Point source pollution control 223 Wastewater treatment facilities 224 Large-scale municipal wastewater-treatment systems 224 Preliminary treatment 225 Primary treatment 225 Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa) Secondary treatment 225 (Credit: CroW and hellquist) ix Diet For A SmAll lAke 1 0 Legal Framework: It Helps to Know the rule s 11 Management Plan Development: nItroducotin 241 Puting the Pi eces Together Government roels and responsbietilis 241 nItroducotin 261 Federa glovernment 241 G entig peopel together for a common purpose 262 Federa glovernment and nIdain trbies 242 Who to nicu lde? 262 New York State government 243 Box 11-1: Budlinig partnershpis 263 nIterstate Rvier Basni Commsisoins 243 Wh o we liad? 264 Loca glovernment 243 Who can hepl? 264 Roel of prviate organziaotins 244 Pu bcil outreach and nivovlement 265 Roel ofa lke assocaiotins 245 Box 11-2: Technqiues for budlinig Watera lw 245 aw areness ni the communtyi 266 Laws and regualotins 248 Watershed niventory 267 Federa alnd State Poulotin Dsicharge Emil niaotin Box 11-3: Data that can be niculded ni a State of System 248 the Lake Report 267 State Envrionmenta Ql uatyil Reveiw act 249 Boiph yscia alssessment 268 Weatlnds 250 Assessnig trends and pubcil concerns 269 Federaa lws and regualotins 250 Ana ylznig the data 270 New York State Freshwater Weatlnds act 251 Watershed management strategeis 270 Protecotin of Waters Program 252 nIdcia tors and obejcvties 271 Pubcil water suppyl regualotins 252 Box 11-4: Movnig from goa tlo management: Box 10-1: Who owns your dam? 253 a sm i psilcti exampel 272 Dock and moornig regualotins 253 Choosnig management strategeis 272 Boantig regualotins 254 The dev sili ni the detasli 273 Specai dlsitrcits 254 B ox 11-5: Ounitle of a typcia Wl atershed County 255 Management Paln 273 Town 255 The management paln 274 Valige 256 n Iformaotin and educaotin 274 Dsitrcit operaotin 256 Summni g t iup 274 Locaa lnd-use palnnnig and regualotin 256 Roel ofa lke assocaiotins 258 1 2 Implementation and Evaluation: Land protecotin fora lke protecotin 258 Summnig t iup 259 Don’t Stop Now Introduction 275 Proposal writing 101 275 Finding the pot of gold 276 Federal funding sources 276 New York State funding sources 277 Local funding sources 278 Cruising the information highway 278 Proposal preparation 278 Conflict is normal 279 Is the management plan working? 280 Summing it up 281 ABCs of lake management 282 Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) Top: Single zebra mussel. Bottom: Colony of zebra mussels attached to a hard surface (clam). (C redit: Wendy skinner) x ContentS Appendcies A . Czitiens’ Satetwdie Lake Assessmen tProgram (CSLAP) 285 B . New York Satet Waetr Quaytil Calsscfiaoitns 286 C . Who Owns New York Satet Lakes? 287 D . nIcorporanitg andn Isunrig a Lake Assocaioitn 290 E . nIetrsatet Rvier Basni Commsisoins 293 F . nIetrne tResources :Governmen tand Pvriaet 295 G . References Cetid 302 H . Addoitina Rleadnigs 308 Indexo fT erms3 11 Waterc hestnut( Trapan atans) (C redit: CroW and hellquist) xi

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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.