Dictionary of Trees, Volume 2: South America: Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Ecology PDF
Preview Dictionary of Trees, Volume 2: South America: Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Ecology
DICTIONARY OF TREES Volume 2 South America Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Ecology WITH NAMES IN Latin, English, French, Spanish, and more compiled by M. M. GRANDTNER and JULIEN CHEVRETTE Laval University, Quebec, Canada Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Academic Press in an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA Copyright © 2014 Elsevier BV. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively, visit the Science and Technology Books website at www.elsevierdirect.com/rights for further information Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/ or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN : 978-0-12-396490-8 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals Pvt Ltd. www.tnq.co.in Printed and bound in United States of America 14 15 16 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 IN MEMORIAM The World Dictionary of Trees community would like to pay In Memoriam tribute to its author, Professor Miroslav M. Grandtner, 1928-2013. Professor Grandtner was born in Slovakia (1928), did his PhD Studies in Leuven University, Belgium (1962) and became faculty member (1958) at Laval University in Québec City, Canada. He has led a brillant career in research and teaching both in Canada and around the world. His pioneering studies about the ecology and cartography of forests of the province of Québec, Canada became an invaluable scientific tool to enhance sustainable development and inform the creation of national forest management policies in North America, Africa and Asia. The second part of his research career was devoted to further the phytosociological discipline to an unprecedented level. He then renewed himself again to lead interdisciplinary scientific research in cyto-genetics as the fondation of the cration of new bioindicators of climate change. Through over fifty years of an impressive scientific career, Professor Grandtner was able to take action in relation to his deep belief in the importance of scientific dissemination. Be it through teaching, taking active part in socio-economical development projects or through creating innovative interpretation strategies, his actions were beneficial to many and, among others, to the Canadian national parks network. His personal and professional impact on his students were highly recognized as those students became the core of governemental research expertise in modern Québec as well as have had prime influence on the transformation of the forestery industry. For more than half of a century, he has been an inspiration to many students, collegues and friends and this has led to refer to his intellectual, personal and organisational legacy as The Grandtner School. In 1989, Professor Grandtner created the first Canadian program of International Forestry to the credit of Laval University and travelled the world extensively for more than fifteen years. His extended experience of field trips coupled with the development of innovative pedagogies has underlined the lack of sound pedagogical tool to support this endeavour. He then envisioned a new body of knowledge related to terminological, ecological and commercial information about trees that would, in his view, become an invaluable asset in informing and fostering action in biodiversity conservation and sound eco-systems management as well as supporting sustainable development. The World Dictionary of Trees birthed in that context. This “retirement project” was, in his own words, “what I like to do best: to study trees and share with the world.” He gathered a network of collaborators and contributors as well as a team of researchers who were, for more than twenty years, his faithful companions on the progression path of the Dictionary. Those companions alongside countless collaborators and friends are gathering through this note to give heartfelt kudos to Miroslav Grandtner’s vision that thread through his life and work. We all want to praise his innovative spirit, tremendous resilience and scientific rigour but above all, his genuine elegance in ideas, values and humanity. Merci Miroslav Grandtner et bon voyage! ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As this dictionary is a compilation, we gratefully acknowledge the authors whose names appear in the list of references. In addition, we express special appreciation to Elbert L. Little Jr†, Jean-Paul Lanly and Guoying Xu for guiding and critiquing during the preliminary discussions, to all collaborators and reviewers, to Elbert L. Little Jr†, Norman Dignard, Louis Parrot, Pierre Bellefleur, Yves Aubry, Serge Audet, Damase P. Khasa, Régent Gravel, Tecsult Inc., Conservatoire & Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Herbier Louis-Marie for helping us with floras, to Brenda J. McAfee, Camille Gervais†, Alexandre Strachan† and Sandra Szczygiel for checking the English text, to Louise Marcoux for drawing the map of South America, to Nancy Maragioglio, Carrie Bolger, Kristi Gomez and Pat Gonzalez from Elsevier in San Diego and Caroline Johnson from Elsevier in Oxford, UK for their kindness, patience and understanding. This work was supported by Beck’s Home Furniture, Gifts and Interiors Cascades Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, the Vice-dean’s office for research (CTI Program adaptation) and the Fonds d’enseignement et de recherche of the Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique of Université Laval Direction de la conservation et du patrimoine écologique of the Ministère de l’environnement du Québec (special grant to Jean Malouin) Employment and Immigration Canada (PDE program) Endowment Fund of the International Wood Collectors Society Friends of the World Dictionary of Trees Society and its President Sandra Szczygiel Government of Prince Edward Island Heritage Charlevoix Inc. Joanne M. Stewart Professional Corp. Keir MacLeod Vinyl Siding Inc. Kessem Treasures Inc. Ministère de la main-d’œuvre et de la sécurité du revenu du Québec (EXTRA and PAIE programs) Ministère des ressources naturelles de la faune et des parcs du Québec, including itsDirection des inventaires forestiers and especially Jean-Pierre Saucier Natural Resources Canada Nemoralis, Écologie-Foresterie Norampac Office de la langue française du Québec Perrin’s Marina Villa Ltd. Red Clay Construction Inc. Roche Consulting Group Société du Dictionnaire mondial des arbres, particularly Robert Gauthier, President, Jean-Louis Blouin, Secretary-Treasurer and Anne-Marie Grandtner, Administrator Université du Québec à Rimouski Université Laval This work was also supported in part by Louis Alosso Cheryl D. Amato Eugene Arsenault Lorin and Shirley Brehaut Jean-Louis Brown Andra and David Burrill Laura Cheverie David Costa Nick and Valerie Costa Rose Dell Patricia and Richard DiBonaventura ACKNOWLEDGMENTS x Marie-Andrée Doran Debra Dziengelewski Cindy and Gary Eschenroeder Maria Fernandez Gordon Francis Tzu-Pin Fu Gilles Gagnon Robert Gauthier and Huguette Carretier Michael K. Glover Beverly Lopez Gonzalez Beverley Gormley Karen Grisham Valérie Guindon Sam Hamad, deputy of Louis-Hébert Hawkins Family Michal Hoffman Family Robert D. and Nancy L. Holum Norma Kenny Edzard and Meika Keunecke Richard Lacasse Wayne Landrum François Larochelle Leah Diamond Lightfoot Patricia, Dana, and Margaret G. MacLean Michelle and Rick Oleski Diane Ouellet Louis Parrot Marcella Perry Jean and Charles Phillips Constance L. Porter Megan J. Power Ruth and Charles Powers Sandra and Arnett Reynolds Oscar and Idolidia Rodriguez E. Hazel St. Hilaire Rosemary and Edward Schiller Floyd Stewart Paul Szczygiel Sandra Szczygiel Patricia Troumpe Megan and Jean Vannucci Cynthia Wacome Robert Wagner and Robert G. Lasher Rui Xu John and Ruth Yeo Laurie Zacharias Several members of the International Wood Collectors Society Fifty-five anonymous donors Friends in Albany, New York, USA Augusta, Georgia, USA Bangor, Maine, USA Brooklyn, New York, USA Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Detroit, Michigan, USA France Israel Lévis, Québec, Canada Montague, Prince Edward Island, Canada Pittsfield, Massachusetts, USA Rogersville, New Brunswick, Canada Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada Springfield, Massachusetts, USA St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada The Florida Keys, USA Williamstown, Massachusetts, USA In honor of Joseph Babeu from Aunt Sally Lisa and Mark Catarella from the family Wendy Chappell and Udo Krautwurst from students and friends Michael Costa and Casey Rose Lajszky from the family Nicole and Cassandra Marie Costa from Aunt Sally Francesca Cuomo and Giovanni Guarcello from friends Melodia Diaz and the children of Boracay Island, Philippines, from Marathon friends Rusmiry Diaz from Hilda Hernandez The Environmental Coalition of Prince Edward Island from supporters Pauline Fitzgerald from Lynn D. Fainweather and six anonymous donors a Florida Keys environmentalist from Rev. Leonard E. and Doris Klippen Emma Grace from Bonnie Briscoe-Blacklock The Grounds Keepers at Eagle’s View Golf Course from Loretta MacPhee Elaine and Manley Hunt from friends in the International Wood Collectors Society Kay Kenny from Jean Keough Sharon Labchuk and colleagues at Earth Action from appreciative Islanders Doris Mager from The Raptors Kristen and William Marks from the family Marie Owen from the Caissies Jean-François, Denis, Stéphane and Nicolas Rancourt from Paul and Rollande Rancourt Gary Schneider from patrons of Macphail Woods Ecological Forestry Project Annabell Shackleford from N.B. Kenny Matt, Deborah, Matthew, and Madison Szczygiel from Nanny Shirley and Harrison Wells from friends John Whitaker from Nessya Neemron In memory of Gerald Alletto from the family Thomas Alletto from his daughter Helen and Rocky Alosso from friends Martha I. Becker from Eglantina Beiro Margaret Billard from friends Bernie Blum from appreciative customers Gretchen Carbone from Andrew Carbone Jenny Casey from the family Winston Clements from friends Robert Coté from friends Thelma Daley from friends Catherine and Paul Exner from the family Isabel Fonseca from friends Jean-Guy Genest from friends ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xii June Glover from friends Kay and Howard Glover from neighbors Margorie Jackson Guarcello from Giovanni P. Guarcello William and Alma Hancock from friends Rudolf Havranek from friends Norma and Walter Jamros from the family Walter Jamros and Jenny Casey from E. Hazel St. Hilaire Susan Janey from the family Kaye Kenny from friends William MacKenzie from friends Shawn Maclean from friends Joshua Stephen MacLean-Robertson from Ronald and Kaye MacLean Gary Mangrella from Amy Kehoe, and friends at Coco’s and ComAir Elinor Brown Miller from her honorary daughter Anne Moisan from friends Elenor Jeanette “Jean” Molyneaux from friends Arnold and Mina Nicolle from Robin Blue, Nicole Reynolds and Roger Nicolle Curtis and Nora Penny from friends Colin Peter from friends Gabrielle Poulin from Sandra John A. Power from Megan Vannucci Clayton Reynolds from Al and Lorraine Reynolds Robbie Robertson from Ronald and Kaye MacLean Carlos Rodriquez from Fidel Rodriquez and friends Elizabeth (Betsy) Costa Roy from the family Vincent St. Hilaire from the family Vernon Seigle from friends at the Vineyard Michael Smith from friends Alice Trent from friends Paul Weston from Elva Caissie Weston and family Charles Zacharias from the family A very special thanks to Madam Sandra Szczygiel. We are extremely grateful for your help. This work has been realized at Université Laval, Québec, Canada. Miroslav M. Grandtner and Julien F. Chevrette Québec, March 2013 COLLABORATORS Scientific collaborators Bernard Rollet Thomas B. Croat Richard A. Howard 15, rue Erard Missouri Botanical Garden Harvard University 75 012 Paris St. Louis, MO 63166-0299 Cambridge, MA 02138 France U.S.A. U.S.A. (Araceae, Sapindaceae) (Coccoloba) E. Marcelo Zepeda Bautista Universidad Autónoma Chapingo José Cuatrecasas Hugh H. Iltis 56 100 Mexico Smithsonian Institution University of Wisconsin Mexico Washington, DC 20560 Madison, WI 53706 U.S.A. U.S.A. Pierre Laplante (Neotropical flora) (New World Capparaceae) Université du Québec à Rimouski Rimouski (Québec) G5L 3A1 Mihaly Czako Richard C. Keating Canada University of South Carolina P.O. Box 13 Columbia, SC 29208 Edwardsville, IL 62025 Scientific consultants U.S.A. U.S.A. (Dalbergia, Machaerium) (Chloranthaceae, Salicaceae, Solanaceae) William S. Alverson University of Wisconsin Ulrich G. Eskuche Hsuan Keng Madison, WI 53706 Herbarium Humboldtianum 48 Greenleaf View U.S.A. Casilla de Correo 326 Singapore 279287 (Malvaceae) RA-3400 Corrientes Republic of Singapore Argentina (Gordonia) Jim A. Bartel (Flora of Argentina) 7063 SW Locust Street Joseph H. Kirkbride Jr. Tigard, OR 97223-916 Lynn J. Gillespie Plant Sciences Institute U.S.A. Canadian Museum of Nature Beltsville, MD 20705 (Cupressaceae) Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4 U.S.A. Canada (Rubiaceae) Bruce Bartholomew (Euphorbiaceae) California Academy of Sciences Patrick A. Lewis San Francisco, CA 94118-4599 Charles R. Gunn University of the West Indies U.S.A. Plant Sciences Institute Mona, Kingston 7 (Theaceae) Beltsville, MD 20705 Jamaica U.S.A. (Euphorbiaceae) Paul E. Berry (Leguminosae) University of Michigan Herbarium Henri Alain Liogier 3600 Varsity Drive Bruce F. Hansen Botanical Research Institute of Texas Ann Arbor MI 48108-2228 University of South Florida 1700 University Drive U.S.A. Tampa, Fl 33620 Fort Worth, TX 76107 (Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana) U.S.A. U.S.A. (Apocynaceae) (Caribbean flora) COLLABORATORS xiv Lucinda A. McDade Charlotte Taylor Dominic Garneau University of Arizona Missouri Botanical Garden Lilian Goulet Tucson, AZ 85721 St. Louis, MO 63166-0299 Stephane Plante U.S.A. U.S.A. Senior researcher (Acanthaceae) (Neotropical Rubiaceae) Ana Margarita Panameno Eliane Norman Rolla M. Tryon Stetson University University of South Florida Researchers and compilers Deland, FL 32720 Tampa, FL 33620-5150 U.S.A. U.S.A. Aka Anam (Annonaceae, New World (Adiantaceae, Cyatheaceae) Virginie-Arielle Angers Scrophulariaceae) Gilles Ayotte Nelson Venturim Christine Babin Rosa Ortiz Gentry Universidade Federal de Lavras Sophie Bédard Missouri Botanical Garden Departemento de Ciencias Florestais Jean-François Béland St. Louis, MO 63166-0299 Lavras MG Nicole Bélisle U.S.A. Brazil Nancy Belleau (Bignoniaceae) (Brazilian trees) Élisabeth Bergeron Robert W. Read Lindsay Woodruff Jean Bolduc 272 Rose Apple Lane Botanical Research Institute of Texas J. Alberto Bonilla Naples, FL 33961 Fort Worth, TX 76102-4060 Hélène Bossé U.S.A. U.S.A. Claude Bouliane (Palmae) (Compositae) Marc Brahic Serge Carrier Harold E. Robinson Nelson Zamora Francine Charron Smithsonian Institution CATIE Marilyn Cloutier Washington, DC 20560 Tourrialba Pierre Côté U.S.A. Costa Rica Jean-Luc Couture (Leguminosae) (Flora of Costa Rica) Jacques Delorme Roger W. Sanders Author Denis-François Doyon Botanical Research Institute of Texas Anne-Marie Drolet Miroslav M. Grandtner Fort Worth, TX 76107 Mawuli Duevi U.S.A. Alain Fournier Chief researcher and co-author (Arecaceae,Verbenaceae) Micheline Fraser Julien F. Chevrette Diane Gagnon Edward E. Schilling Gérald Gagnon University of Tennessee Editorial assistants Jérôme Garant Knoxville, TN 37996-1100 Johanne Beaudoin Rosilei Garcia U.S.A. Renée des Rochers Mélanie Gaudette (Compositae France Gagné Marc Gendreau Helianthinae) xv COLLABORATORS Christine Giguère Raymonde Lévesque Pierre Roy Suzanne Grenier Dominique Lo Crasto Carmelle Simard Rénald Hébert Jean Malouin Judith C. Simoneau Éric Irisson Annie Marcoux Yves Trottier Mildreed Jean-Baptiste Henri Martel Fernand Turcotte Thembo Kamavu José-David Moreno Louis Vachon Glenn Kelly Carol Morse Technical consultants Anne Lacoursière Charles Mygiraneza Raymond Larivière Hélène Nadeau Réjean Carrier Romy Larivière Lucie Normand Carol Gagnon Guy Larochelle Louise Paré Martine Lapointe Françoise Leclerc Martin Pinsonneault Charles L'Écuyer Stéphane Lefebvre Annie Pouliot Gabrielle Thibault-Delorme David Lemieux-Bibeau Alain Roberge Sylvie Létourneau Marianne Roy
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