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Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. 10. Polemics - Scandinavia PDF

832 Pages·1988·20.68 MB·English
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Preview Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. 10. Polemics - Scandinavia

Dictionary of the Middle Ages AMERICANS COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES ‘The American Council of Learned Seceties, cnganiztd jn 1919 forthe purpose of advancing the sul of the humanities and of the humic aspects of the socal feienoas, i a norproft federation comprising fory-fve national schol group ‘The Covnel represents the humanities the United Staet i the Inceracionl Union of Academies provide fellenshige and grants supports rracarch-andslanning Conferences and symbnsia and sponsors special proiees and scholarly publcition, MEMAER ORGANIZATIONS AMERICAN PHITCROPMICAL SOUETY. PS UAMERICAV ANTIQUARIAN SOLIETS, 2 MOMFEN LANCE ASSAY ION Ge AMERICA HRS ‘AMERICAN HIS REGAL ASSOC SMFRICAN BLOND MIE: ASE LATION, RHEAYGAS AT LORE CTE 550 SRMFRICAN DIACECY SOCIETY. AMRGAN PVE CICA? ASOCIATION, 12 [SSSOCINTEIN Or AMERICAN LAW SCHOO 1900 “AMERICAN PRILOSPHICAT ASROCIATIONS 1 AMERICAN ANTHRORO!QGICAT ASSLIGBION, DBMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE AESOCINTION, 1909 ASSOCIATION CF AMERICAN GEOURAPHLEES 184 “ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAS MISTORIANG 0" IBNGUITICDCIEY¥ OF AMERICA, 994 UrDAEYAr ACADEMY OF ARAIC AnfenICaN MUSICGIICAL OEY. Te SOUIEIV OF ARCHITEL TORRY HISTERIAS, 40 TLONOMIE HISTORY ANSGCLM ON, Bal TSOCLION FOR ASIAN STUDIES AMERICANSOSETY FOR AESTHFTICS, 5 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OR THE ADSSANEEMENT OF SeAWIC STDIES 18 SHERICAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, 10 RENAISANGESOCIEYY GF AMIGA, 4 SUUCIETY FOR FHNOMUSICOLUCY. 26 ASCFRICAN SOCIETY FOR TEGAL HIST 986 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THEATRE RESEARCH, 1956 SOCIETY row LH HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, 186 “SSGCIRTION FOR FSH STUD Dictionary of the Hiliddle Ages JOSEPH R. STRAYER, EDITOR IN CHIEF NN Volume 10 POLEMICS—SCANDINAVIA, CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS * NEW YORK ‘Copyright 1 1988 American Couval of Leamed Seis Library of Congress Catalogog a Publication Dats ‘Ml te unde ci Dcmunary of he Bie Ape locks bibliographies and index TiMide AgerDicioarion i. Stages, Jozeph tense, 1905-1987 naps i982) S007 $2-590« TSRN Ceene-te760-d fe WBN Doce (ean ese17022.1 ISBN o-aes-4702bX Doe ERAN Ueet-1897540 (9) BRN 0-64-1276 (10) SAN debe an24d ISN OonBs ABTGI-A fe BBN OsisIee fe 6) ISBN 0-658 18109-x 17) abled mula in Caned by Collier Macmillan Canad, Ie, (Copyright onde Be Bene eventos. All sighs rpeeved. Nu pact af thie hook sry beepeodnond in any form with he Peomision of Charen Sener Sons. ISST9LDASITLY Qe waste WADI FEAT ‘The Dicxinnary ofthe Bde Ags bas heen produced wick "nppoc fiom fhe Navona! Indowennt forthe amano. The paper in hit hook mews the guidlines fot permanence and durbly of the Comier ot Froducrion Gulls for Rook Langrity of tie ‘Connalon Libary Resort, ‘Maps propred by Parca A Rodagues and Spas Leteoen, Bilitovial Board VHEODORE M, ANDERSSON, Stanford Unwerney NINA G. GARSOTAN, Columbis University HERRERT 1, KESSLER, ‘he Jobns Hlopkine Unberaty JOHN LEYERLE, University of toronto AVRAM L. UDOVITCH, trincoton University Advisory Committee GUSTAVE AILER, University of Oregon JEANFI YE M, A. BFFR, Murdhe Univesity THOMAS NL FISSON, Unversiny of Califor, evbeley JFAN BONY, Universiy of Coliforms, Sertoley JAMES #. BURKE, Unversity of Zoronto ANGUS F, CAMERON, Unersiy of Toromto MARK COHEN, Praweson University E\TALBOL DONALDSON, tndiuna University ANN DOOLEY, Lniversry of Toronta D.}. GEANAKOPLOS, Yale Bniversty KEVIN J, HARTY, Temple Unersty ANDREW HUGHES, University of Toronto WUT. HLJACKSONS, Caluhia University ROBERT F. LFRNER, Norchuvsterm University A.M, LUMIANSKY, amurizan Conc of Learned Sovties THOMAS , MALHEWS. Now York Univeraty BRIAN S, MERRILEES, University of Toronte HELMUT NICKEL, Metropattan Misi of Art KENNETH D. OSTRAND, University of New Orlane ROGER F. REYNOLDS, Univeruey of Toronto TIMOTHY R. ROBERTS fferson Cay (Mas Fgh Schoo! FRANZ ROSENTHAL, Yate Unaernty KENNETH M. SETTON, Ince for Advanced Sally: Prnerten ECKRHARD SIMON, Horcund Univeraty PRISCILLA P. SOUCEK, New York Uriveraty E.A.SYNAN, University of Yoramto RIAN TIERNEY, Connell Unversity KARL DAVED UITTI, Princeton University CRAIG B, VITTETOE, Palo Alto ‘Calf: Cy Schools LYNN WHITE, Je, University of California, Los Angeles Kditorial Stoff JOHN F. FITZPATRICK, MANAGING EDITOR PEER C. BEREDICL, Eaton! Assist DANIEL J. CALIO, kéiorial Assistant SANDRA D. KNIGHE, Adminitrative Acsitont ARJU MAKHIJANL, Production Manager RELH ANN McCABE, Senior Editorial Assistant DAVID J. BABIN, Assiuant Photo Rditor JEFFREY L. BENEKE, Associate Ftor LESLEY ANN BENEKY, Associate Falitor TENE COHEN, Associate Fditor EMILY GARLIN, Proofreader GEOPEREY B GNFUMS, Assistant Réitor ROBERT HALASZ, Accoriate Fitor ROBERT K. HAVCRAFT, Assciate Fito PAMELA NICELY, Assistant Fdtor W, KIRK REYNOLDS, Proofreader JACK RUMMEL, Prooffeader IRINA RYBACEK, Associate Fao JOHN SCHLLTZ, Phot Fator DEBBIE TAYLOR, Pore Editer YILIAM K. WEST, Assovine Editor ELIZABETH L WILSON, Arsoviate Fattor G. MICHAEL McGINLEY, DIRECTOR, REFERENCE BOOKS DIVISION Contributors to BWolume 10 THRLENE ALMWEILER. tinier de Pars Pours Teo, zane ‘GUSTAVE ALE Univers of Oregon Prana Citsonteas, Resear TIRODORE SC ANDERSSON ‘taford Uiniseray OREGORY PETER ANDRACHCE verity Vitoria Ronnlaues bet PaDnow, fea IMAN WM ANDES ‘Queen's Urey of lie Rus or aerate GRACE MoRGAN ARMGTRONG. om Mawr College Proverns ab Serene ANE b. aTARUANS uses J Resets SCSAN M. BAREITT mera Pelosepcl Society Ronen oe tan ROGERS BAGNALL ‘Golembia Uninet Reston Boxer, at TERENCE BAILEY vest of Wester Ontaro Prucessions Lerctes Praca Towed ‘CARL. BARNES, JR ‘Gotland Univeriny, Rochester, Micbiso Recwarty ox Connosts Rees Cetazoeats Re CARL F. BARNES (came. "aati te Covet; RORERT ee Cozanres; Rove Wines; Sr Dents, Aney Clute, So Sram, Tac ous Sree cuarerass aie ROBERT BARRINGER, Sk Mebaa' College, Uniortiy Of Pints Pore ERD RATES Porter Cole, City izrsey of hea York Gaeicor Fceness Qasaetrn, SILVIO A. BEDINE Scone tiation Bonsouan Canes; Rchsto oF ‘rucncron [WANKUTE Mt, A, BEER ‘oodue Univery Paoweeyat Lascun Fenner Basusoes Rowan or 4s Bose HAZEL BSHEHL Toran Arcoelogca Mac Teka THOMAS N. BSSON Unkesty of Caller, erty isso Baresi IV JONATHAN BLACK Sraust Use JONATHAN S4, aLOOM ‘avnund Uinharsiy aa (6. 8OSWORTH, Enver of Mancheser Saresacos ix CALI, BOWER Tinea of Nese Dame Ueouaro; Pxowsirtse ‘Quanstonons Riser MARJORIE N. BOvER, York Coli, Cy Uhr of vw York osm ao fracas, ‘ezeranm Gomera Coogan saci Reuss, Sone o (MICHAEL BRETT Tinbsity of Landon Qavaiwh, ae CYNTHIA J. BROWN Gaiety of Calor, Suto Barbara Regromagzeuas RORHICY BROWNIN ‘Dumbarton abe Resor KEVIN PROWNLEE Dartmouth Cage Rosen b!Anmnvese LESLIE RAURAKE, “kero Callegs, Nort, Mateachaer Proncrnssis Pes at er iguae, Breese Stenasnrraae Iectsanctom oF LANCE WF ARENNER Ensen of Rntacky Drrcrwrons easemscny sisem CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 10 RICHARD W, BELLE Coumbi Urery ‘Roane om me Tuas emi GLYN s. BURGESS Enveety of Liveront owas TAMES &, BURKE Unies of Toronto Ram, Juaw Dayip BURR, ‘eginetFobtchnic Isa med Sate Uno Riowsanes oe Mapaavns DANIEL CALLAM ‘s Thomae More Cotes, ery of Saskatoon Durcicams, Westen Cowcest oF VERIL CAMERON Ming: Collage Dien of onda Panera HUES. CARLSON ‘ie Unies of New York ar Puree eyeavesque Anowrreccrone JOH CARSWELL nest of Chas Ea JAMS Earley Uniery nf Mezacharets, Soci ae HENRY CHADWICK Magdalene (alge, Cambridge Paces ‘GHEIEL GILARMAN Rainey oF His Regen Bresaasaavsn VES CHARUIER Grier of Ores Recive oF Pets Rasa os JEROME ®. CLINTON Princeron Oni ‘Rarronte Prsuy BOR aun ae FRANK M. GLOVER Geierty of acon, Sir item Even, Lar SIDNEY «. COUTEN. aisea Sate Gnvereity Season Merny 60D CaTARLES Connie tri a de LAWRENCE | CONRAD. ‘Walco Intute forthe Hsors of Nodicine inna JONIN J, CONTRENL ‘pardue Univer Precear WILLIAM J. COURTENAY Gvesty of Bicone, Matin Rovcecive EDWARD J. COWAN over of Cul Roerst of Seorino EUGENE L cox ‘Wellahy Calege Drovenee: Si, County oF WENDY DAVIES Licey Cole, Lntdon Sr bates MIGHABL't, DAVIS "is Holyoke Callege JAMES DOYNE DAWSON ‘sto Union Patent Crone, Concirt ALICIA bk COLON! MONGCIO try of New York BP Abn Rajan ee Awe TETER F. DEMEOWSKA (Umer of Chicas Se armsea's Puncony ‘ALTER A, DENNY Uae of arson ‘Qin Recs ano Carey x UIEY DR MANUETIAN JAMES DICKIE avon WALIAM J. IBBOWD Si Parag, TOUS JPRAUYRN D. DODDS alambia Unie iy Storage nr Conmasre.n MARTHA WESTCOTT DRIVE Paxson, RICIsHD LAWRENCE G, DUGGAN ‘Gries of Delonte Remnaseeative deerme, Gemma 4.4, M. DUNCAN Bewienty of Glasgow ‘Rowen (or Scorn; Srawoaees MANUEL DURAN Yale Unser Sonrctana, Marques oF FRANCE A. DUTRA Gnersy of Calorma, Sine farina Dowrucae STEVES. byPORKIN Unversity of ichigo Porrucuton Lava ANDREW'S, EHRENKREUTZ Uinveryof Micon Seeviens, BudMtes S4LATE MARCIA | gH ‘nseriy of Calgary Gresansy Romeeauy emunivty Reva, baVID Evans “Se fhe Unive, New York Peetoo-Dromest tat ‘Annoenecre ROBERT FALCK Emery of Toroma Sauvarones Hone

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