Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Vol I.

1107 Pages·0117.802 MB·English

by  William Smith

DICTIONARY
OF
GREEK AND ROMAN
BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY.
VOL.
1.

LIST OF WRITEES.
A. A. Alexander Allen, Ph. D.
C.T. A. Charles Thomas Arnold, M.A.
One of the Masters in Rugby School.
J.E.B. John Ernest Bode, M.A.
Student ofChrist Church, Oxford.
Ch.A.B. ChristianA.Brandis,
Professor in the University ofBonn.
E. H. B. Edward Herbert Bunburt, M.A.
LateFellow ofTrinity College, Cambridge.
A J.C. Albany James Christie, M.A.
Late Fellow ofOriel College, Oxford.
A.H. C. Arthur Hugh Clough, M.A.
Fellow ofOriel College, Oxford.
G.E.L.C. George Edward Lynch Cotton, M.A.
Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; one of the Mastersin
Rugby School.
S. D. Samuel Davidson, LL.D.
W.F.D. William Fishburn Donkin, M.A.
Savilian Professor ofAstronomy in theUniversity ofOxford.
W.B. D. WhwLiam Bodham Donne.
T.D. Thomas Dyer.
E.E. Edward Elder, M.A.
Head Master ofDurham School.
J. T.G. John Thomas Graves, M.A., F.R.S.
"W".A. G. Willlam Alexander Greenhill, M.D.
Trinity College, Oxford.
A. G. Algernon Grenfell, M.A.
One oftheMasters in Rugby SchooL
Vi LIST OF WRITERS.
INITIALS. NA5IES.
W.M. G. WilliamMaxwell Gunn,
One ofthe Masters in the High School, Edinburgh.
W.I. William Ihne, Ph.D.
Ofthe University ofBonn.
B.J. Benjamin Jowett,M.A.
Fellow and Tutor ofBaliol College, Oxford.
H.G.L. Henry GeorgeLiddell, M.A.
HeadMaster ofWestminster School.
G.L. George Long, M.A.
Late Fellow ofTrinity College, Cambridge.
J.M.M. John Morell Mackenzie, M.A.
C.P.M. Charles Peter ISIason, B.A.
Fellow ofUniversityCollege, London.
J. C.M. Joseph Calrow Means.
H.H.M. HENKf Hart IVIilman, M.A.
Prebendary ofSt.Peter's, Westminster.
A. deM. Augustus de Morgan.
Professor ofMathematics in University College, London.
W.P. WiLLiAJi Plate, LL.D.
C.E.P. Constantine Estlin Prichard, B.A.
Fellow ofBaliol College, Oxford.
W.R. William Ramsay, M.A.
Professor ofHumanity in the University ofGlasgow.
L. S. Leonhard Schmitz, Ph.D., F.R.S.E.
Rector ofthe High School ofEdinburgh.
P.S. Philip Smith, B.A.
OfUniversity College, London.
A.P. S. ArthurPenryhn Stanley, M.A.
Fellow and Tutor ofUniversity College, Oxford.
A. S. Adolph Stahr,
Professor in the Gymnasium ofOldenburg.
L.U. LuDWiG Urlichs,
Professor in the University ofBonn.
R.W. Robert Whiston, M.A.
Fellow ofTrinity College, Cambridge.
The Articleswhich have no initialsattached to them are written by theEditor.
PEEFACE.
The present work has been conducted on the same principles, and is designed
mainly for the useofthe same persons, as the "Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Antiquities." It has been long felt by most persons engaged in the study of
Antiquity, that something better is required than we yet possess in the English
language for illustrating the Biography, Literature, and Mythology, of the
Greek and Roman writers, and for enabling a diligent student to read them in
the most profitable manner. The writings ofmodern continental philologists, as
well as the works of some of our own scholars, have cleared up many of the
difficulties connectedwith these subjects, and enabledus to attain to more correct
knowledge and more comprehensive views than were formerly possessed. The
articles in this Dictionary have been founded on a careful examination of the
original sources ; the best modern authorities have been diligently consulted;
and no labour has been spared in order to bring up the subject to the present
state ofphilological learning upon the continent as well as at home.
A work, like the present, embracing the whole circle of ancient history and
literature for upwards of two thousand years, would be the labour of at least
one man's life, and could not in any case be written satisfactorily by a single
individual, as no one man possesses the requisite knowledge of all the sub-
jects of which it treats. The lives, for instance, of the ancient mathema-
ticians, jurists, and physicians, require in the person who writes them a
competent knowledge of mathematics, law, and medicine and the same remark
;
applies, to a greater or less extent, to the history of philosophy, the arts, and
numerous other subjects. The Editor ofthe present work has been fortunate in
obtaining the assistance of scholars, who had made certain departments of anti-
quity their particular study, and he desires to take this opportunity of returning
his best thanks to them for their valuable aid, by which he has been able to pro-
duce a work which could not have been accomplished by any single person.
The initials of each writer's name are given at the end of the articles he has
written, and a list ofthe nam.es ofthe contributors is prefixed to the work.
The biographical articles in this work include the names of all persons of
any importance which occur in the Greek and Roman writers, from the earliest
times down to the extinction of the Western Empire in the year 476 ofour era,
and to the extinction ofthe Eastern Empire by the capture of Constantinople by
the Turks in the year 145.'3. ' The lives of historical personages occurring in the
historyofthe Byzantine empire are treated with compai-ative brevity, but accom-
Vlll PREFACE.
panied by sufficient references to ancient writers to enable the reader to obtain
further information ifhe wishes. It has not been thought advisable to omit the
lives of such persons altogether, as has usually been done in classical dictiona-
ries; partly because there is no other period sboit of the one chosen at which a
stop can conveniently be made; and still more because the civil history of the
Byzantine empire is more or less connected with the history of literature and
science, and, down to the capture ofConstantinople by the Turks, there was an
interrupted series of Greek writers, the omission of whose lives and of an
account oftheir works would be a serious deficiency in anywork whichaspired to
give a complete view of Greek literature.
The relative length of the articles containing the lives of historical persons
cannotbe fixed, in a work like the present, simply by the importance of a man's
life. It would be impossible to give within any reasonable compass a full and
elaborate account of the lives of the great actors in Greek and Roman history
;
nor is it necessary : for the lives ofsuch persons are conspicuous parts ofhistory
and, as such, are given at length in historical works. On the contrary, a Dic-
tionary of Greek and Roman Biography is peculiarly useful for the lives of
those personswho do not occupyso prominent a positionin history, since a know-
ledge oftheir actions and character is oftentimes ofgreat importance to a proper
understanding of the ancient writers, and information respecting such persons
cannot be obtained in any other quarter. Accordingly, such articles have had a
space assigned to them in the work which might have been deemed dispropor-
tionate if it were not for this consideration. Woodcuts of ancient coins are
given, wherever they could be referred to any individual or family. The draw-
ings have been made from originals in the British Museum, except in a few
cases, where the authority for the drawing is stated in the article.
More space, relatively, has been given to the Greek and Roman Writers than
to any other articles, partly because we have no complete history of Greek and
Roman Literature in the English language, and partly because the writings of
modern German scholars contain on this subject more than on any other a store
ofvaluable matter which has not yet found its way into English books, and has,
hitherto, only partially and in a few instances, exercised any influence on our
course of classical instruction. In these articles a full account of the Works, as
well as of the Lives, of the Writers is given, and, likewise, a list of the best
editions of the works, together with references to the principal modern works
upon each subject.
The lives of all Christian Writers, though usually omitted in similar publi-
cations, have likewise been inserted in the presentWork, since they constitute an
important part of the history of Greek and Roman literature, and an accountof
their biography and writings can be attained at present only by consulting a con-
siderable number ofvoluminous works. These articles are written rather froma
literarythan a theological point ofview; andaccordinglythediscussion ofstrictly
PKEFACE. IX
theoloijical topics, such as the subjects might easily have given rise to, has been
carefully avoided.
Care has been taken to separate the mythological articles from those of an his-
torical nature, as a reference to anypart of thebookwill shew. As it is necessary
to discriminatebetween the Greek and Italian Mythology, an account of the Greek
divinities isgivenundertheir Greeknames, and of theItalian divinitiesunder their
Latin names, a practice which is universally adopted by the continental writers,
which has received the sanction of some of our own scholars, and is moreover of
such importance in guarding against endless confusions and mistakes as to require
no apologyforitsintroduction intothis work. In thetreatment ofthe articles them-
selves, the mystical school of interpreters has been avoided, and those principles
followed which have been developed by Voss, Buttmann, Welcker, K. O. Miiller,
Lobeck, and others. Less Space, relatively, hasbeen given to these articles than to
anyotherportion of the work, as ithas notbeen considered necessary to repeat all
the fanciful speculations which abound in the later Greek writers and in modern
booksupon this subject.
Thelives of Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, have been treated at considerable
length, andan account is given of all their works still extant, orof whichthere is
anyrecordin ancientwriters. These articles, itishoped, will be useful to the artist
aswell asto the scholar.
Some difficultyhas been experiencedrespectingthe admission or rejection of cer-
tainnames, butthe following is the general principlewhich hasbeen adopted. The
names of allpersons areinserted, who are mentioned in more than onepassage ofan
ancient writer butwhere aname occurs in only a singlepassage, andnothing more
:
isknown of theperson than thatpassage contains, that name is in general omitted.
On the otherhand, the names of suchpersons are insertedwhen they are intimately
connected with somegreat historical event, orthere are other persons of the same
name withwhomtheymight be confounded.
"When there are severalpersons of the samename, the articles havebeen arranged
eitherin chronological or some alphabetical order. Thelatterplan hasbeen usually
adopted, where there are manypersons of onename, as in the case of Alexandeb,
Antiochus, and others, in which cases a chronological arrangement would standin
theway of ready reference to any particular individual whom the reader mightbe
insearchof. Inthe case of Koman names, the chronological order has, for obvious
reasons, been always adopted, and theyhave been given under the cognomens, and
not under the gentile names. There is, however, a separate article devoted toeach
gens,in which isinserted alist ofallthe cognomens ofthatgens.
In a workwritten by several persons it is almost impossible to obtain exactuni-
formity of reference to the ancient Writers, but this has been done as far as was
possible. Wherever an author is referred to by page, the particular edition used
bythe writeris generally stated; but of thewriters enumeratedbelow, thefollowing
VOL. I. „
X PEEFACE.
edltious are always intended where no others are indicated: Plato, ed. H. Stephanus,
1578; Athenaeus, ed. Casaubon, Paris, 1597; the Moraliaof Plutarch, ed. Francof.
1620; Strabo, ed. Casaubon, Paris, 1620; Demosthenes, ed. Reiske, Lips. 1770; the
other Attic Orators, ed. H. Stephanus, Paris, 1575; the Latin Grammarians, ed.
H. Putschius, Hanov. 1605; Hippocrates, ed. Kiihn, Lips. 1825-7; Erotianus, ed.
Franz, Lips. 1780; Dioscorides, ed. Sprengel, Lips. 1829-30; Aretaeus, ed. Kiihn,
Lips. 1828; Rufus Ephesius, ed. Clinch, Lond. 1726; Soranus, ed. Dietz, Regim.
Pruss. 1838; Galen, ed. Kiihn, Lips. 1821-33; Oribasius, Aetius, Alexander Tral-
lianus, PaulusAegineta, Celsus, ed. H. Stephanus, among the Medicae Artis Prin-
cipes, Paris, 1567; Caelius Aui*elianus, ed. Amman, Amstel. 4to. 1709.
Ji^ames of Places and Nations are not includedin the Work, as they will form the
subject ofthe forthcoming "Dictionary ofGreek and iJoman Geography."
WILLIAM SMITH.
London, October, 1844.
LIST OF COINS ENGRAVED IN THE FIRST VOLUME.
M
InthefollowinglistAVindicatesthatthecoinisofgold, ofsilver,JEofcopper, 1^firstbronze
Roman,^Jil secondbronzeRoman, 3.^ thirdbronze Roman. Theweightofall gold andsilvercoins
is given, withtheexceptionof the aureianddenarii, which are forthe most partof nearlythe same
weightrespectively. When a coinhasbeenreduced or enlarged in the drawing, thediameterofthe
original coin is given in the lastcolumn, the numbers in which refer to the subjoined scale: those
whichhavenonumbersaffixed tothemareofthe samesizeinthedrawingastheoriginals.
I I
^ o
Aerailianus LE 199 AntiochusVII. . . . JR 251^1 8^
Agrippa •M2JE AntiochusVIII. . . . JR
AgrippinaI M AntiochusIX JR 245
AgrippinaII M 200 AntiochusX JR 242
Ahala M Antiochus XI JR 2504
Ahenobarbus M Antiochus XII. . . . JE
Albinus M Antiochus XIII. . . JE
Do M 210 Antonia JR
DDoo.. .(Emperor.) . . IM 221162 AMn.toAnnitnounsiuPsiu.s. ,. .. .. IJJRE 185
AlexanderBalas,kingof M ?' C. Antonius JR
Syria 2214 217 L. Antonius JR
AleExpaenirduesr I., king of AV 225573 JAurlciaadiAuqsuiliaSevera. A]JVE
Alexander II., king of M 263 Archelaus JR 55
Epeirus 2404 278 Aretas JE
Alexander I., king of M 284 AriarathesIV JR 61
Macedonia 442i AriarathesV JR 664
Alexander II., king of M 285 AriarathesVI JR 63
Macedonia ?i AriarathesVII. . . . JR 63
Alexander III. (the 286 Ariobarzanes I. . . . JR 6O4
Great),kingofMace- 287 Ariobarzanes III. . . JR 60§
donia 350 Arrius JR
Alexander (Romanem- 354 ArsacesIII JR 514
peror) 2M ArsacesV JR 60
AlexanderZebina,king 35?'5 Arsaces VI JR 241
ofSyria JR 254 ArsacesVII JR 60
Allectus AMV 3i5»6 ArsacesXIV JR 143
AAmmaydsontntriaiass,kingofMace- M 114603^J 336»670 AArrDssaiocneoseXXVIII. . . AAJVVR 4128544*
AAmnynnituass,kingofGalatia JME 441025 AAttitlaiiunss AJVR
Antigonus,kingofAsia JR 264 41 Audoleon JR 190
AntigonusGonatas . . JR 61 420 Auguiinus JR
Antinous 431 Augustus Ai
Antiochus,kingofCom- 435 Avitus AV
magene 438 Aurelianus AV
AntiochusHierax . . . 262i 8i 443 Aurelius IJE
Antiochus I., king of 455 Balbinus JR
Syria JR 265 Balbus,Acilius . . . JR
Antiochus II JR 253 Balbus,Antonius . . JMR
AntiochusIII 263 Balbus,Atius ....
AAnnttiioocchhuussVIV 223499 445576122 BBaallbbuuss,,CNoarenveiluiuss. .. .. JJRE
AntiochusVI I 250i 458J 1 Balbus,Thorius . . . JR