Table Of Content

DICTIONARY OF DEITIES AND DEMONS IN THE BIBLE DICTIONARY OF DEITIES AND DEMONS IN THE BIBLE DDD Edited by Karel van der Toom Bob Becking Pieter W. van der Horst SECOND EXTENSIVELY REVISED EDITION BRILL LEIDEN (cid:0) BOSTON (cid:0) KOLN WILLIAM B. EERDMANS PUBLISHING COMPANY GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN / CAMBRIDGE, U.K. 1999 o 1999 Koninklijke Brill NV. Leiden. The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced. translated. stored in a retrieval system. or transmiued in any form or by any means. electronic. mechanical. ph()(ocopying . recording or otherwise. without prior written permission from the publisher. First edition 1995 Second e~tensively revised edition 1999 Published jointly 1999 by Brill Academic Publishers P.O. Box 9000. 2300 PA Leiden. The Netherlands. and by Wm. D. &rdmans Publishing Company 255 Jefferson Ave.. S.E.. Grand Rapids. Michigan 49503 I P.O. Box 163. Cambridge CB3 9PU U.K. Published under the auspices of the Faculty of Theology of Utrecht Uni"crsity This book is printed on acid·free p3~r Printed in the United States of America 05040302 010099 5432I Ubrary or Congress Cataloglng-In-Publlcatlon Data Dictionary of deitiell and demon~ in the Dible (DOD) I Karel van der Toorn. Bob &eking. Pieter W. van der Horst. editors. -2nd extensh'ely rev. ed. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. Brill ISBN 90-04-1 I 119-0 (cloth: alk. paper). &rdmans ISBN 0-8028·2491·9 (cloth: alk. p3~r). I. Gods in the Bible -Dictionaries. 2. Demonology in the Bible -Dictionaries. I. Toom. K. van du. II. Becking. Bob. 111. Horst. Pieter Willem van der. BS680.G57053 1999 220.3 - de21 98-42505 CIP Ole Deutsche Bibllothek -CIP·Elnheltsaurnahme Dictionary or deities and demons In the BIble: (DOD) I Karel van dcr Toorn ... e d. 2nd extensively rev. ed. -Leiden: Boston: Klnn : Brill. 1998 Brill ISBN 90-04-11119-0 Eerdmans ISBN 0-8028-2491·9 Brill ISBN 90 ~ 11119 0 &rdmans ISBN 0-8028·2491·9 Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Bril l provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center. 222 Rosewood Drive. Su ite 910. Danvers. MA 01923 USA. Fees are subject to change. CONTENTS Consultants 40 4040 40............................................ VI List of Contributors VII Introduction............. XV Preface to the Revised Edition......................................... XIX Abbreviations............................... XXI General.... XXI Biblical Books (including the Apocrypha) XXI Pseudepigraphical and Early Patristic Works...... XXII Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Texts ~.............. XXIII Targumic Material XXIII Periodicals, Reference Works, and Series XXIV List of Entries................................................................. .. XXXIII Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible 1 Index flo............... 943 a& CONSULTANTS HANS DIETER BETZ Chicago ANDRE CAQUOT Paris JONAS C. GREENFIELD Jerusalem ERIK HORNUNG Basel MICHAEL STONE Jerusalem MANFRED WEIPPERT Heidelberg LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Tzvi ABUSCH, Waltham (Etemmu, Ishtar, Marduk) Larry J. ALDERINK, Moorhead (Demeter, Nike, Stoicheia) Bendti\LSTER,<Jopenhagen (Tammuz, Tiamat, Tigris) Jan ASSMANN, Heidelberg (Amun, Isis, Neith, Re) David E. AUNE, Chicago (Archai, Archon, Hera, Heracles) Tjitze BAARDA, Amsterdam (Sabbath) Michael L. BARRf, Baltimore (Lightning, Night, Rabi~u) Hans M. BARSTAD, Oslo (Dod, Sheol, Way) Bernard F. BATTO, Greencastle (Behemoth, Curse, Zedeq) Bob BECKING, Utrecht (Abel, Amalek, Ancient of Days, Arm, Blood, Breasts-and-womb, Cain, Day, Eagle. El-rophe, Ends of the earth. Exalted ones, Girl, Hubal, Ishbara, Jaghut, Jalam, Japheth, Jordan, Kenan, Lagamar, Protectors, Qatar, Rapha, Raven. Sarah, Sasam, Sha, Shalman, Shelah, Shem, Shining One(s), Shunama, Sisera, Thillakhuha, Thukam una, Vanities, Varona,Virgin, YaCuq, Yehud, Zarnzummim) Hans Dieter BETz, Chicago (Authorities, Dynamis, Legion) LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Jan DEN BOEFT. Utrecht (Saviour) Jan N. BREMMER. Groningen (Ares. Hades. Hymenaios. Linos. Narcissus. Nereus. Nymph) Cilliers BREITENBACH, Berlin (Hypsistos. Nomos. Satan) Roelof VAN DEN BROEK, Utrecht (Apollo. Phoenix) Mordechai CoGAN, Jerusalem (Ashima, Shulman, Shulmanitu. Sukkoth-benoth, Tartak) John J. CoLUNS, Chicago (Daniel, Gabriel, Liers-in-wait, Prince. Saints of the Most High, Watcher) Peter W. COXON, St. Andrews (Gibborim, Nephilim. Noah) Peggy L. DAY, Winnipeg (Anat. Jephtah's daughter. Satan) Meindert DIJKSTRA. Utrecht (Abraham. Adat, Aliyan, Clay, Esau. Ishmael, Jacob. Joseph. Leah, Mother. Rachel ) Ken DOWDEN. Birmingham (Aeneas. Daphne, Dioskouroi. Jason. Makedon. Menelaos. Patroklos. Pcrseus.Quirin us, Silvanus, Skythes, Thessalos) Han J. W. DRIJVERS, Groningen (Aion, Atargatis, Mithras) Eric E. ELNES, Princeton (Elyon, Olden Gods) Reinhard FELDMEIER, Bayreuth (Almighty, Mediator II, World rulers) Jarl E. FOSSUM, Ann Arbor (Dove, Glory, Simon Magus, Son of God) Hannes D. GAUER, Graz (Aya, Bashtu, Hubur) LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Richard L. GORDON, Ilmmiinster (Anthropos, Helios, Poseidon, Pronoia) Fritz GRAF, Basel (Aphrodite. Athena, Bacchus, Dionysus, Heros, Zeus) Jonas C. GREENFIELD, Jerusalem (Apkallu, Hadad) Mayer I. GRUBER. Beer-Sheva (Abomination, Azabbim, Gillulim, Lies, One) John F. HEALEY, Manchester (Dagon. Dew, Ilib. Mot. Tirash) Matthieu S. H. G. HEERMA VAN VOSS, Amsterdam (Hathor, Horus, Osiris, Ptah) George C. HEIDER. River Forest (Lahmu, Molech, Tannin) Ronald S. HENDEL. Dallas (Nehushtan, Serpent, Vampire) Jan Willem VAN HENTEN, Amsterdam (Angel II. Archangel, Dragon. Mastemah, Python, Roma. Ruler cult. Typhon) Wolfgang HERRMANN. Stuttgart (Baal, Baal-zebub, EI, Rider-upon-the-c1ouds) Pieter W. VAN DER HORST, Utrecht (Adam, Amazons, Ananke, Chaos, Dike, Dominion. Eros, Evil Inclination, Father of the lights, God II, Hosios kai dikaios, Hyle, Hypnos, Lamb, Mammon, Thanatos. Themis, Unknown God) Comelis HOUTMAN, Kampen (Elijah, Moses, Queen of Heaven) Herbert B. HUFFMON, Madison (Brother, Father, Name, Shalem) Manfred HUTTER, Graz (Abaddon. Asmodeus, Earth, Heaven, Heaven-and-earth, Lilith, Shaushka) UST OF CONTRIBUTORS Bernd JANOWSKI, TUbingen (Azazel, Jackals, Satyrs, Wild Beasts) Albert DE JONG, Leiden (Khvarenah, Mithras, Vohu Manah, Wrath) Marinus DE JONGE, Leiden (Christ, Emmanuel, Heaven, Sin, Thrones) Jean KELLENS, Liege (Arta, Baga, Haoma) Ernst Axel KNAUF, Bern (Edom, Qos, Shadday) Matthias KOCKERT, Berlin (Fear of Isaac, Mighty One of Jacob, Shield of Abraham) Frans VAN KOPPEN, Leiden (Agreement, Altar, Holy One, Humban, Kiriri~a, Sanctuary, Soil, Vashti) Marjo C. A. KORPEL, Utrecht (Creator of AJI, Rock, Stone, Thombush) Bernhard LANG, Paderborn (Wisdom) Fabrizio LELu, Florence (Stars) Theodore 1. LEWIS, Athens (USA) (Dead, First-born of death, Teraphim) Bert Jan LIETAERT PEERBOLTE, Leiden (Antichrist) Edouard LIPINSKI, Louvain (Lamp, Light, Shemesh) Alasdair LIVINGSTONE, Binningham (Assur, Image, Nergal) Johan LUST, Louvain (Gog, Magog)