Table Of Content

DICTIONARY OF DEITIES AND DEMONS IN THE BIBLE DICTIONARY OF DEITIES AND DEMONS IN THE BIBLE DDD Edited by Karel van der Toom Bob Becking Pieter W. van der Horst SECOND EXTENSIVELY REVISED EDITION BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON • KOLN WILLIAM B. EERDMANS PUBLISHING COMPANY GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN / CAMBRIDGE, U.K. 1999 o 1999 Koninklijke Brill NV. Leiden. The Netherlands All rights reserved. Nopart ofthis publication may bereproduced. translated. stored in a retrieval system. ortransmiued in any form or by any means.electronic. mechanical. ph()(ocopying. recording orotherwise. without priorwritten permission from the publisher. First edition 1995 Second e~tensivelyrevised edition 1999 Publishedjointly 1999 by Brill Academic Publishers P.O. Box 9000. 2300 PA Leiden.The Netherlands. and by Wm. D. &rdmans Publishing Company 255Jefferson Ave.. S.E.. Grand Rapids. Michigan 49503 I P.O. Box 163.Cambridge CB3 9PU U.K. Published under the auspices ofthe FacultyofTheology ofUtrecht Uni"crsity This book is printed on acid·free p3~r Printed in the United StatesofAmerica 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 5 4 3 2 I UbraryorCongress Cataloglng-In-Publlcatlon Data Dictionary ofdeitiell and demon~ in the Dible (DOD) I Karel vanderToorn. Bob &eking. PieterW. van der Horst. editors. - 2nd extensh'ely rev. ed. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. Brill ISBN 90-04-1I119-0(cloth: alk. paper). &rdmans ISBN 0-8028·2491·9 (cloth: alk. p3~r). I.Gods in the Bible- Dictionaries. 2. Demonology in the Bible- Dictionaries. I.Toom. K. van du. II. Becking. Bob. 111. Horst. PieterWillem van der. BS680.G57053 1999 220.3 - de21 98-42505 CIP Ole Deutsche Bibllothek- CIP·Elnheltsaurnahme Dictionaryordeities and demons In the BIble: (DOD)I Karel van dcrToorn ... ed. 2ndextensivelyrev. ed. - Leiden: Boston: Klnn : Brill. 1998 Brill ISBN 90-04-11119-0 Eerdmans ISBN 0-8028-2491·9 Brill ISBN 90 ~ 111190 &rdmans ISBN 0-8028·2491·9 Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use isgranted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly toThe CopyrightClearance Center. 222 Rosewood Drive. Suite 910. Danvers. MA01923 USA. Fees are subjectto change. CONTENTS Consultants VI 40 4040 40............................................ List of Contributors VII Introduction............. XV Preface to the Revised Edition......................................... XIX Abbreviations............................... XXI General.... XXI Biblical Books (including the Apocrypha) XXI Pseudepigraphical and Early Patristic Works...... XXII Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Texts ~.............. XXIII Targumic Material XXIII Periodicals, Reference Works, and Series XXIV List ofEntries................................................................... XXXIII Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible 1 Index 943 flo............... a& CONSULTANTS HANS DIETER BETZ Chicago ANDRE CAQUOT Paris JONAS C. GREENFIELD Jerusalem ERIK HORNUNG Basel MICHAEL STONE Jerusalem MANFRED WEIPPERT Heidelberg LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Tzvi ABUSCH, Waltham (Etemmu, Ishtar, Marduk) Larry J. ALDERINK, Moorhead (Demeter, Nike, Stoicheia) Bendti\LSTER,<Jopenhagen (Tammuz, Tiamat, Tigris) Jan ASSMANN, Heidelberg (Amun, Isis, Neith, Re) David E. AUNE, Chicago (Archai, Archon, Hera, Heracles) Tjitze BAARDA, Amsterdam (Sabbath) Michael L. BARRf, Baltimore (Lightning, Night, Rabi~u) Hans M. BARSTAD, Oslo (Dod, Sheol, Way) Bernard F. BATTO, Greencastle (Behemoth, Curse, Zedeq) Bob BECKING, Utrecht (Abel, Amalek, Ancient ofDays, Arm, Blood, Breasts-and-womb, Cain, Day, Eagle. El-rophe, Ends of the earth. Exalted ones, Girl, Hubal, Ishbara, Jaghut, Jalam, Japheth, Jordan, Kenan, Lagamar, Protectors, Qatar, Rapha, Raven. Sarah, Sasam, Sha, Shalman, Shelah, Shem, Shining One(s), Shunama, Sisera, Thillakhuha, Thuka muna, Vanities, Varona,Virgin, YaCuq, Yehud, Zarnzummim) Hans Dieter BETz, Chicago (Authorities, Dynamis, Legion) VIII LISTOF CONTRIBUTORS Jan DEN BOEFT. Utrecht (Saviour) Jan N. BREMMER. Groningen (Ares. Hades. Hymenaios. Linos. Narcissus. Nereus. Nymph) Cilliers BREITENBACH, Berlin (Hypsistos. Nomos. Satan) RoelofVAN DEN BROEK, Utrecht (Apollo. Phoenix) Mordechai CoGAN, Jerusalem (Ashima, Shulman, Shulmanitu. Sukkoth-benoth, Tartak) John J. CoLUNS, Chicago (Daniel, Gabriel, Liers-in-wait, Prince. Saints ofthe Most High, Watcher) Peter W. COXON, St. Andrews (Gibborim, Nephilim. Noah) Peggy L. DAY, Winnipeg (Anat. Jephtah's daughter. Satan) Meindert DIJKSTRA. Utrecht (Abraham. Adat, Aliyan, Clay, Esau. Ishmael, Jacob. Joseph. Leah, Mother. Rachel) Ken DOWDEN. Birmingham (Aeneas. Daphne, Dioskouroi. Jason. Makedon. Menelaos. Patroklos. Pcrseus.Quiri nus, Silvanus, Skythes, Thessalos) Han J. W. DRIJVERS, Groningen (Aion, Atargatis, Mithras) Eric E. ELNES, Princeton (Elyon, Olden Gods) Reinhard FELDMEIER, Bayreuth (Almighty, Mediator II, World rulers) Jarl E. FOSSUM, Ann Arbor (Dove, Glory, Simon Magus, Son ofGod) Hannes D. GAUER, Graz (Aya, Bashtu, Hubur) LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS IX Richard L. GORDON, Ilmmiinster (Anthropos, Helios, Poseidon, Pronoia) Fritz GRAF, Basel (Aphrodite. Athena, Bacchus, Dionysus, Heros, Zeus) Jonas C. GREENFIELD, Jerusalem (Apkallu, Hadad) MayerI. GRUBER. Beer-Sheva (Abomination, Azabbim, Gillulim, Lies, One) John F. HEALEY, Manchester (Dagon. Dew, Ilib. Mot. Tirash) Matthieu S. H. G. HEERMA VAN VOSS, Amsterdam (Hathor, Horus, Osiris, Ptah) George C. HEIDER. River Forest (Lahmu, Molech, Tannin) Ronald S. HENDEL. Dallas (Nehushtan, Serpent, Vampire) Jan Willem VAN HENTEN, Amsterdam (Angel II. Archangel, Dragon. Mastemah, Python, Roma. Rulercult. Typhon) Wolfgang HERRMANN. Stuttgart (Baal, Baal-zebub, EI, Rider-upon-the-c1ouds) Pieter W. VAN DER HORST, Utrecht (Adam, Amazons, Ananke, Chaos, Dike, Dominion. Eros, Evil Inclination, Father of the lights, God II, Hosios kai dikaios, Hyle, Hypnos, Lamb, Mammon, Thanatos. Themis, Unknown God) Comelis HOUTMAN, Kampen (Elijah, Moses, Queen ofHeaven) Herbert B. HUFFMON, Madison (Brother, Father, Name, Shalem) Manfred HUTTER, Graz (Abaddon. Asmodeus, Earth, Heaven, Heaven-and-earth, Lilith, Shaushka)