Dictionary of Civil Engineering: English-French PDF
Preview Dictionary of Civil Engineering: English-French
DICTIONARY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DICTIONARY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING English–French Jean-Paul Kurtz KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK,BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBookISBN: 0-306-48474-9 Print ISBN: 0-306-48317-3 ©2004 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers New York All rights reserved No part of this eBook maybe reproducedor transmitted inanyform or byanymeans,electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Springer's eBookstore at: http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.springeronline.com PREFACE I am pleased to present a work which marks a milestone in the history of public works and, more precisely, in that of permanent structures—a comprehensive dictionary of Civil Engineering terms. Since the beginning of time, Man has always tried to find a means to clear the obstacles which nature erected to displace him. With the first tree trunk thrown across a river, man sought to improve the crossing structure. After the invention of the wheel, and to satisfy his thirst for conquest (Roman ways), and comfort (aqueducts), man built bridges that became a preremptory necessity to movequickly. Thus, Man started to build wooden and masonry works. With the passing centuries, the builders became masters in the art of building masonry works. Then came the Industrial Revolution and the advent of the steel (1864), which was closely followed by the invention of the reinforced concrete (1855). The need for railways and improving the road network inspired great works of crossing such as viaducts and tunnels. The boom of the railway network and the development of the car required the construction of an increasing number of new structures. This phenomenon continues today with hundreds of structures built each year throughout the world. Today, a multitude of technicians in various trade associations are involved in the sphere of influence in Civil Engineering and know how difficult it is to speak the same true language. Also, as techniques evolve, new terms appear and further complicate the language. It thus proved essential to index and codify the various technical terms and for this reason I undertook the compilation of this dictionary. Jean-Paul Kurtz V ABILITY AASHTO Capacité Various Strength of Materials American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials. The intrinsic characteristic of a material to respond to external stresses (e.g., absorption ability, deformation ability). ABACUS Abaque ABILITY BENDINGTEST Architecture Essai d’aptitude au pliage A parallelepiped crowning a column, a pilaster or Metallography a capital. When this crowning is decorated with A test to check the ability of steel to undergo moldings, it is called raised table. See Figure1 bending stresses without significant degradations of its internal structure. ABIETO- A test bar positioned on two parallel supports is Abiéto- bent by a round punch pressed in the centre of Materials the bar. No cracks must appear either on the A prefix indicating abietic-acid-based products, edge or convex faces of the fold in the bar. the principal component of rosin. Several abietic resins are used in the paint industry: ABLATION abietoformophenolic resins (les résines Ablation abiétoformophénoliques); Geomorphology abietoalkyd resins (les résines 1. Loss of mineral matter of a rock due to abiétoglycérophtaliques); erosion. abietomaleic resins (les résines 2. The eroding of a river bed due to the abiétomaléiques). combined abrasive action of water and waterborne materials in it. 1 Dictionary of Civil Engineering ABNORMAL COLORING cables are, relative to others, lower than their Coloration anormale theoretical position resulting for a horizontal Defects (Building Materials) layer, in an apparent warp. Usually, this defect A color modification in wood that indicates a resultsfrom a: change of its chemical composition and, thus of partial or total destressing of one or more its properties. This defect can make the wood cables; unsuitable for some uses. Syn. with differential creep between the cables due to ABNORMAL TINTING their different ages and constitution. ABNORMAL CONTACTS ABORTIVE HEAD (of rivet) Contacts anormaux Tête avortée Defects (Civil Engineering Structure) Defects (Metal Construction) In suspension or guy bridges, parasitic contacts The second head of a rivet that has been between the mechanically independent parts that incompletely formed because the horizontal base are due to a bad design or bad adjustment of the was not in contact with the metal sheet. See suspension. These contacts can occur between Figure 2 cables or distinct layers or with a part of the structure, such as: abutment,deck, parapet, etc. ABRADE Egréser; Abraser ABNORMAL PERMANENT SAG Masonry Flèche permanente anormale Syn. with GRIND (THE STONE) Defects (Construction) The abnormal sag of a portion or a complete ABRAMS’ SLUMP TEST span in the absence or presence of any accidental Essai d’affaissement au cône d’Abrams overload on the entire work. The abnormal sag Test of Materials (Concrete) can be stable or evolutionary and can result from: A test carriedoutonconcretingbuilding sites to a geometrical error during construction; check the rheology of the fresh concrete and an increase of the permanent load, or a occasionally, of mortar. It consists in measuring diminishing of the bearing capacity of the the subsidence of a truncated cone of fresh structure; concrete after demolding. Syn. with SLUMP an accidental loading on a portion of the TEST structure. ABRASIMETER ABNORMAL TINTING Abrasimètre Coloration anormale Equipment for Measure and Control Defects (Building Materials) An instrument for measuring material resistance Syn. with ABNORMAL COLORING to abrasion. ABNORMAL TWIST (or WARP) OF A ABRASIN SUSPENSION BRIDGE DECK Abrasin Déversanormal d’un tablier de pont suspendu Building Materials Defects (Civil Engineering Structure) A tree from which a drying oil is drawn, used in The abnormal slope of the cross section of the the preparation of mastic to varnish wood and to deck that can be due to the: make some oil varnishes. Syn. with TUNG differential deformation between two layers of TREE cables; slipping of the cable suspension. ABRASION Abrasion ABNORMAL WARP OF A CABLE LAYER Defects Dévers anormal d’une nappe 1. A wearing phenomenon that generates a loss Defects (Construction of P.C.) of metal mass due to mechanical action of an A defect in suspension bridges in which some externalbody. 2 Dictionary of Civil Engineering 2. The deterioration of stones or bricks due to ABSENCE OF BOND matter removal on the surface by solid bodies Absenced’élément d’appareil carried by water or air. Abrasion can be Defects (Construction) superficial or deep. A cavity or gap in parts of a structure or masonry. (Example: absence of an archstone in a ABRASION RESISTANCE stringcourse; appearance of a cavity in an Résistance à l’abrasion abutment following undermining). Building Materials ABSENCE OF PLAY AT THE BUTTS The resistance in a material that opposes surface Absence de jeu aux abouts wearing generated by the action, intentional or Defects (Metal Construction) not, of another material or fluid. A defect of metal decks in which the deck cannot be bent (out of shape) or expand freely to their ABRASION RESISTANCE TEST ends. Results from insufficient free space Essai Deval between end and obstacle, due to bad design Test of Materials (Building Materials) (insufficient space at the beginning), the Syn. with DEVAL TEST presence of foreign bodies in an initially sufficient space, bearing displacement, etc. ABRASIVE Abrasif ABSOLUTE DENSITY Materials Masse spécifique absolue A relatively hard product used to sharpen, Geotechnics machine-finish or polish materials that are softer The specific volume of the particles of a portion than it. Also used for scouring under pressure of ground that is assumed to be without voids; it metal surfaces for painting or metallizing later. is called Abrasives can be: natural (les abrasifs naturels), such as ABSOLUTE POROSITY OF STONE diamond, corundum, emery, quartz sand, Porosité absolue d’une pierre sandstone and pumice stone; Building Materials artificial (les abrasifs artificiels), such as The ratio of the volume of the voids to the total silicon carbide, synthetic diamond, artificial apparent volume of the stone, the void including corundum, boron carbide and artificial aluminum the volume occupied by both imbibition and oxide. hygrometric water (excluding combination Syn. with ABRADANT; GRIT water). ABRASIVE WHEEL ABSOLUTE SOIL COMPACTNESS Meule Compacité absolue d’un sol Equipment and Tools Geotechnics Syn. with GRINDSTONE; GRINDWHEEL Measurement of the average soil particle density. ABSCESS ABSORBED (SOIL) WATER Abcès Eau absorbée Defects (Building Materials) Geohydrology An excrescence of the wood due to affluence of Thin fluid film (< 0.1 m) intermediate between sap and, sometimes, insect stings. interstitial water and combined water surrounding solid grains of the ground by molecular attraction. ABSENCE OF BEARING DEVICE Absence de dispositif d’appui ABSORBENT Defects (Construction) Hydrophile A design defectwhich allows a deck or floor to Building Materials rest directly on masonry or concrete. Of a material that likes water. 3 Dictionary of Civil Engineering ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT OF BRICK generally a front wall and lateral walls called Coefficient d’absorption d’eau d’une brique wing walls or return walls according to their Test of Materials (Building Materials) location. Syn. with ABUTMENT WALL See Syn. with ABSORPTION RATE Figure 3 to 5 ABSORPTIONRATE ABUTMENT Coefficient d’absorption d’eau d’une brique ; Pied; Piédroit Coefficient de capillarité Construction Test of Materials (Building Materials) 1. A vertical construction that supports a vault. 1. The ratio calculated from a formula using the 2. A vertical or slightly sloping wall of a pier or mass of water absorbed after immersion, the area an abutment of: tunnel, underground passage, of the immersed face and the time of immersion. subway. (Note that the absorption rate by capillary rise is completely different from the porosity index.) ABUTMENT PIER Syn. with ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT OF Arc-boutant BRICK Construction 2. Syn. with CAPILLARY FACTOR A half-arch-shaped pillar for staying a wall or a vault in order to reinforce it. Syn. with ARCHED ABSORPTIVE POWER BUTTRESS; FLYING BUTTRESS Absorptivité Building Materials ABUTMENT PIER Syn. with ABSORPTIVITY Pile-culée Construction ABSORPTIVITY 1. A pier placed between two unequal arches or Absortivité between a masonry arch and a metal span. Building Materials 2. In a viaduct with equal arches, a pier that The imbibition ability of somebodies. Syn. with shows an allowance compared with the others ABSORPTIVE POWER (one on four or five) and that is butressed on the lateral part. This type of construction limits the ABUT destruction of the work in case an arch breaks. Abuter See Figure 6 Construction 3. A construction intended to resist a strongly To join or place exactly side by side two parts. inclined force. Syn. with SCARF ABUTMENT WALL ABUTMENT Culée Culée; Boutée Construction Construction Syn. with ABUTMENT (first entry) The end bearing of a deck, a vault, a beam or an arch. ABYSSINIAN WELL Abutments are highly important parts of a bridge Puits abyssinien and must be studied carefully, since their Foundation morphologies quite different.. A bridge can The ancestor of the wellpoint. A pointed tube comprise arches, vaults, or decks, and the with regularly spaced perforations, through abutment supports these structures and connects which water gets in the tube, is driven into the the bridge to the natural rock by supporting ground. Water is then extracted from it by generally speaking, the earth pressure. In the pumping. case of arches or vaults, the abutment supports the pressure of these structures. Abutments can ACACIA be built of masonry, concrete, reinforced Acacia concrete, possibly prestressed concrete, and even Building Materials in curtains of sheet piles. Abutments comprise A leafy tree which is either: 4 Dictionary of Civil Engineering true acacia (l’acacia véritable), which gives ACCEPTANCE hard wood which can be used in carpentry; or Réception false acacia or Robinia (le faux acacia ou Civil Engineering Structure Robinier), which gives greenish yellow wood of Written indication by which the owner accepts a good quality, hard and elastic, and splits easily in building or structure, thus agreeing that all a green state and is not subject to vermiculation. design specifications have been met. Acceptance Acacia has a density from 0.61 and 0.72. It is: consumes much water. It is planted in unstable provisional (la réception provisoire), i.e., a slopes to retain soil and to absorb surplus water. preliminary examination of the work is conducted and all repairs and defects for which ACCELERATING ADMIXTURE the contractor is obliged to perform are listed; or Accélérateur de prise final (la réception définitive), i.e., the official Hydraulic Binders report established between all parties involved, Syn. with ACCELERATOR; SETTING stating that repairs noted during provisional AGENT acceptance were carried out and the final payment can be made. ACCELERATOR Activeur; Accélérateur de prise; Durcisseur ACCEPTANCE TEST Materials; Hydraulic Binders; Polymers Essai ou épreuve de réception; Essai de 1. Substance mixed with a catalyst and added to recette ou contrôle de qualité concrete, cement, etc. to speed up its setting Materials Test time. 1. A test to check conformity between design 2. Syn. with ACCELERATING ADMIXTURE ; specifications and the performance of the SETTING AGENT structure, to determine its acceptability. 3. Syn. with POLYMERIZING AGENT 2. Syn. with QUALITY CONTROL ACCESS PLATFORM WITH TRUCK ACCELEROMETER Accéléromètre ELEVATING PLATFORM Plate-forme élévatrice Equipment for Measure and Control Equipment and Tools A recording device to measure acceleration and Syn. withELEVATINGPLATFORM shocks and vibrations generated by shot-firings. This device converts mechanical motion into an ACCESS RAMP electrical signal that is proportional to the acceleration. Rampe d’accès Constructions Nomenclature A sloping way giving access to a structure, a ACCENT quay or from one level to another. Rechampir Painting ACCESS VIADUCT 1. To apply paint on a dry film, with no risk of Viaduc d’accès moistening or bleeding. Engineering Structure 2. To apply a second paint coat on one that is Series of arches which replace an embankment already dry but of different color so as to set off near a work crossing a main river. Also called a the tone and to develop certain parts or details. bridge. The connection of both tones must be linearly perfect and must be in the full substrate (plane or ACCOMMODATION curve surface) or in an internal angle. Tone Accommodation connection on a salient angle is not considered Strength of Materials accenting. The stabilization of the remanent elongation of a metal after a number of loading and unloading 5
The list of books you might like
