Dictionary of Analytical Reagents

1391 Pages·1993·81.819 MB·English

by  F. M. Macdonald, V. M. Lingard (auth.), F. M. Macdonald, V. M. Lingard (eds.)

Periodic Table of the Elements
IUPAC Notation
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Previous IUPAC Notation
VIllA
1 2
H He
1.01 4.00
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B c N 0 F Ne
6.94 9.01 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg AI Si p s Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti v Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.61 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98.91) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.75 127.60 126.90 131.29
55 56 57-71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba See Hf Ta w Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Lantha-
132.91 137.33 nides 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.21 190.2 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209.98) (209.99) (222.02)
87 88 89-103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
Fr Ra See Unq Unp Unh Uns Uno Une Uun
Acti-
(223.02) (226.03) nides (261.11) (262.11) (263.12) (262.12)
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Lanthanides
138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 (144.91) 150.36 151.97 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96· 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Ac Th Pa u Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Actinides
227.03 232.04 231.04 238.03 237.05 (239.05) (241.06) (244.06) (249.08) (252.08) (252.08) (257.10) (256.09) (259.10) (262.11)
Dictionary
of
Analytical
Reagents
Dictionary
of
Analytical
Reagents
Editorial Board
A. Townshend
University of Hull, UK
D.T. Burns G. G. Guilbault
Queen's University ofB elfast, UK University ofN ew Orleans, USA
R.Lobinski Z. Marczenko
University ofA ntwerp, Belgium Warsaw Technical University, Poland
E.J. Newman H. Onishi
Formerly BDH, UK Professor Emeritus, University ofTsukuba,
Japan
Principal Contributors
R. Lobinski, Z. Marczenko, P. Rhodes
Project Editors
F.M. Macdonald, V.M. Lingard
[U!1]
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Published by Chapman & Hali, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SE18HN
Chapman & Hali, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SE18HN, UK
Blackie Academic & Professional, Wester Cleddens Road, Bishopbriggs,
Glasgow G642NZ, UK
Chapman & Hali Inc., 29 West 35th Street, New York NY10001, USA
Chapman & Hali Japan, Thomson Publishing Japan, Hirakawacho Nemoto Building, 6F,
1-7-11 Hirakawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan
Chapman & Hali Australia, Thomas Nelson Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne,
Victoria 3205, Australia
Chapman & Hali India, R. Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East, Madras 600 035, India
First edition 1993
©Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1993
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1993
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1993
ISBN 978-0-412-35150-1 ISBN 978-1-4899-7270-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-7270-5
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Contents
Preface page
IX
Introduction Xl
Analytical Reagents
1. Description of main applications of analytical reagents xv1
2. Description of main classes of analytical reagents xxii
Entries in Alphabetical Order 1
Name Index 967
Molecular Formula Index 1065
CAS Registry Number Index 1159
Type of Compound Index 1239
vii
Caution
Treat all chemical substances as if they have dangerous properties.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the
accuracy of the information contained in this Dictionary, and cannot accept any
legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
The specific information in this publication on the hazardous and toxic properties
of certain substances is included to alert the reader to possible dangers associated
with the use of those compounds. The absence of such information should not
however be taken as an indication of safety in use or misuse.
Preface
Although modern analytical chemistry relies heavily on instrumentation and data
processing, organic reagents play an important role across the whole range of
analytical procedures. Their uses vary from pH buffers to NMR shift reagents, and
from chromogenic reagents to enzyme substrates and chromatographic
derivatisation reagents. This Dictionary, one of a series derived from the
Chapman & Hall Chemical Database, provides extensive and carefully
constructed documentation of the (mainly organic) reagents most commonly used
by analytical chemists working in academia, industry or the public domain.
Use of the Dictionary of Analytical Reagents is greatly facilitated by the
innovative indexing systems, which give rapid access to concise, carefully edited
information on each reagent, which then provides a convenient reference point for
further queries using other printed and on-line sources. Thus, in addition to the
usual indexes of reagent name, molecular formula and CAS Registry number,
compounds are also indexed according to their use (such as spectrophotometric
reagent or NMR shift reagent), inorganic analyte, and class of compound (such
as crown ether or (J-diketone).
A small proportion of entries in the present Dictionary derive from the Fifth
Edition of the Dictionary of Organic Compounds (1982) and its supplements,
heavily augmented with the addition of large amounts of pertinent information for
analytical chemists. However, most of the entries are completely new and have
been compiled over the past three years by a team of specialist contributors.
The selection of entries has been carefully reviewed by the Editors at each stage
of the development of the Dictionary. We believe that the result will be of the
maximum utility for the analytical chemist within the most practicable compact
SIZe.
A.T., D.T.B., G.G.G., R.L.,
Z.M., E.J.N., H.O.
IX
Introduction
1. Using the Dictionary 3. Chemical names and synonyms
The Dictionary is arranged alphabetically by entry The Dictionary contains a wide range of synonyms
name. Every entry is numbered to assist ready which may be (a) those found in the primary litera
location. Many reagents are included as derivatives ture, (b) Chemical Abstracts names, (c) a small pro
of main entry compounds; the extensive indexing portion of names added editorially to achieve as much
of the Dictionary means that these can be readily consistency as possible, or (d) tradenames and
located through the Name, Molecular Formula or Colour Index names.
Type of Compound indexes. Most entries are headed by a systematic name but
in the case of very well known reagents the trivial
Indexes name is preferred. Care has been taken to incor
There are four printed indexes: porate as many helpful synonyms as possible, includ
ing trivial and semitrivial names, generic names and
Name Index. This lists every name given throughout
tradenames (including Colour Index names).
the Dictionary, whether it refers to an entry, stereo
Frequently a trivial name of a reagent strictly
isomer or derivative, and including some names
applies to a derivative of the parent compound (e.g.
embedded in the text of entries.
a sodium salt or a hydrochloride) but for ease of use
Molecular Formula Index. This lists all molecular the trivial name is used as the entry name and an
formulae given in the Dictionary in Hill convention appropriate note to this effect is added to the entry.
order. Molecular formulae are reported for all Names corresponding to those used by CAS during
reagents but not normally for derivatives such as the 8th and 9th Collective Index Periods (1967-1971
hydrates or salts of neutral compounds. Cationic and 1972-1976 respectively) are labelled with the
compounds are given a molecular formula which is suffixes SCI, 9CI. Names first introduced since 1976
that of the cation and the various salts are listed as are referred to as 9CI as there have been no sub
derivatives, together with their molecular formulae. stantial changes of CA nomenclature affecting
organic compounds since that date.
CAS Registry Number Index. Lists all CAS (Chemical
If a compound cannot be located immediately in
Abstracts Service) Registry numbers given through
the main body of the entries, it is important to use
out the Dictionary in serial order.
the indexes.
Type of Compound Index. This valuable index
classifies all reagents included in the Dictionary Tautomerism
under three or more of approximately 200 headings Some of the analytical reagents with more than one
according to analyte (e.g. copper), compound group functional group are capable of tautomerism, the
(e.g. phenothiazine) and analytical application (e.g. nature of which may be influenced by solvation and,
chromatographic derivatisation reagent). A full list of especially, complexation.
the headings used is given at the beginning of the The following example shows the type of
Index. tautomerism frequently encountered amongst azo
compounds in particular, and which may lead to
difficulties in registering the compound in Chemical
2. Compound selection policy
Abstracts and in this Dictionary.
In compiling this Dictionary the aim of the Inter
national Editorial Board has been to select all those o:-N-HA r
~N=N/Ar I
reagents thought to be of interest to the majority of
analytical chemists. This has been done by consulting
~OH
laboratory chemical suppliers' catalogues, IUPAC
analytical reagent recommendations and by search Arylazophenol Cyclohexadienedione
ing the primary literature. It does not include monoarylhydrazone
macromolecular materials, such as enzymes, ion
exchange resins and antibodies which, although The tautomeric equilibrium even in neutral solution
widely used in analytical procedures, cannot readily will be shifted according to the precise structure of the
be defined by a molecular formula. reagent, and for a particular compound may or may
XI
Introduction
not have been investigated in detail. The CAS policy bib I. bibliography
for registering such compounds is generally to index biosynth. biosynthesis
them under the azo tautomer whether this is the Bp boiling point
predominant tautomer or not. There are some BAN British Approved Name
exceptions to this, for example acetoacetanilide azo c. concentration
derivatives are indexed under the ketohydrazone ca. (circa) about
tautomer. The Dictionary policy is to list the cd circular dichroism
compound under the CAS name but to present the chromatog. chromatography
structure of the more favourable tautomer. A C.l. Colour Index
comment to indicate the likelihood of tautomer cmr 13C nuc 1e ar magneti·c
formation is usually added (see for example entry resonance
no. H-00391). Where CAS numbers have been col. colour, coloration
assigned to individual tautomers these are listed at cone. concentrated
the end of the entry in brackets. config. configuration
constit. constituent
4. Bibliographic references and literature coverage com pd. compound
The selection of references is made with the aim of cryst. struct. X-ray crystal structure
facilitating entry into the literature for the user who determination
wishes to locate more detailed information about d density
a particular compound. Reference contents are dec. decomposes, decomposition
indicated using suffixes e.g. (detn, Au). degradn. degradation
Journal abbreviations generally follow the practice deriv(s) derivatives
of the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index descr. described
(CASSI). In patent references, no distinction is made detn. detection
between patent applications and granted patents. dil. dilute, dilution
Wherever possible, English-language patent equiva dimorph. dimorphic
lents are quoted. esr electron spin resonance
In compiling this Dictionary the primary literature Et Ethyl
has been surveyed to early 1992 and extensive EtOAc Ethyl acetate
reference has been made to reviews available at that fluor. fluoresces, fluorescence
time. glc gas liquid chromatography
Glc ,8-o-glucopyranosyl
5. Hazard Information haz. hazard
Many reagents are toxic. Information on their hplc high performance liquid
toxicity is highlighted by the use of the symbol [>, chromatography
which also appears in the indexes. Whilst every effort hydro I. hydrolyses, hydrolysed,
has been made to alert the user to potential hazards hydrolysis
associated with particular reagents, the absence of i.m. intramuscular
such information cannot be taken as a guarantee of INN International Nonproprietary
safety in use or misuse. The information provided is Name
given in good faith but the Editors cannot be held i.p. intraperitoneal
responsible for any inaccuracies therein. ir infra-red spectrum
isol. isolation
6. Principal Abbreviations isom. isomerises, isomers
[a] specific rotation l.V. intravenous
abs. config. absolute configuration JAN Japanese Accepted N arne
Ac Acetyl LD lethal dose: LD50, a dose which is
AcOH Acetic acid lethal to 50% of the animals
Ac 0 Acetic anhydride tested
2
alk. alkaline M molecular weight (formula weight)
amorph. amorphous max. maximum
anal. analytical applications, Me Methyl
analysis or detection meta b. metabolism, metabolite
aq. aqueous misc. miscible
B base mixt. mixture
xu