Dictionary of American History, 3rd Edition PDF
Preview Dictionary of American History, 3rd Edition
DICTIONARY OF American History Third Edition DICTIONARY OF American History Third Edition Stanley I. Kutler, Editor in Chief Volume 10 Contributors, Learning Guide, and Index DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS †signifies contributors to previous editions. Carl Abbott Earl W. Adams† Richard D. Alford† Portland State University Federal Reserve System Naming Capitals City Planning Henry H. Adams† F. Hardee Allen† Denver Cod Fisheries Atlantic, Battle of the Portland Fishing Bounties Urbanization Mackerel Fisheries Randolph G. Adams† Charles C. Abbott† Arnold’s March to Quebec James B. Allen War Finance Corporation Arnold’s Raid in Virginia Brigham Young University Arnold’s Treason Tabernacle, Mormon Wilbur C. Abbott† Morse, Jedidiah, Geographies of Delaware, Washington Cross- Patrick N. Allitt ing the Emory University Michael R. Adamson “Yankee Doodle” American Dilemma, An Sonoma State University Christianity Balance of Trade Sandra Schwartz Abraham Church and State, Separation of British Debts Educational Testing Service How to Win Friends and Influence Council of Economic Advisors Educational Testing Service People Depletion Allowances National Review Shirley S. Abrahamson Political Correctness Wisconsin Supreme Court James F. Adomanis Power of Positive Thinking, The Bill of Rights in State Constitu- Maryland Center for the Study of His- Religious Liberty tions tory Silent Spring National Association for the Walden William J. Aceves Advancement of Colored California Western School of Law People Donna Alvah ColeBombing Organized Crime Control Act Saint Lawrence University Embassy Bombings Primary, Direct Causa, La World Trade Center Bombing, Reparation Commission Civil Disobedience 1993 Civil Rights Movement Robert G. Albion† Integration Sam H. Acheson† Loyalty Oaths Merchant Marine Texan Emigration and Land March on Washington Naval Stores Company Shipping, Ocean S. M. Amadae Rolf Achilles University of California, Berkeley John Albright† School of the Art Institute of Chicago Political Science Booby Traps Art: Decorative Arts Art: Glass Patrick Amato Art: Pottery and Ceramics Michele L. Aldrich† New York, New York Collecting Geological Surveys, State Amtrak Furniture Metalwork Edward P. Alexander† Charles H. Ambler† Miniature Rogers’ Rangers Conestoga Wagon Porcelain Ticonderoga, Capture of Henry, Fort 1 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS Nancy T. Ammerman Joseph L. Arnold Physics: Overview Hartford Institute for Religious University of Maryland at Baltimore Physics: High-Energy Physics Research, Hartford Seminary Greenbelt Communities Physics: Nuclear Physics Women in Churches Donna E. Arzt Judith A. Baer† Kristen Amundsen† Syracuse University Frontiero v. Richardson Women in Public Life, Busi- Pan Am Flight 103 General Electric Company v. ness, and Professions Gilbert George Frederick Ashworth† Griswold v. Connecticut Gary Clayton Anderson Baltimore Riot Harris v. McRae University of Oklahoma Fredericksburg, Battle of Planned Parenthood of Southeast- Indian Political Life ern Pennsylvania v. Casey Roberts et al. v. United States Lori Askeland George L. Anderson† Jaycees Wittenberg University Colorado Coal Strikes Rotary International v. Rotary “Forty Acres and a Mule” Crime of 1873 Club of Duarte Cripple Creek Strikes Taylor v. Louisiana Lewis E. Atherton† Margo Anderson Stores, General John Bakeless† University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Molly Maguires Philip G. Auchampaugh† Statistics Elections, Presidential: 1856 Gladys L. Baker† Hunkers Rural Free Delivery Russell H. Anderson† Fencing and Fencing Laws John H. Baker† Francis R. Aumann† Local Government Carol Andreas† Conciliation Courts, Domestic Litchfield Law School National Woman’s Party Nadine Cohen Baker Women’s Rights Movement: University of Georgia The Nineteenth Century Richard L. Aynes California Higher Educational University of Akron System Susan Andrew† Munn v. Illinois Slaughterhouse Cases Biosphere 2 Gordon Morris Bakken Springer v. United States Physician Assistants California State University at Fullerton Stafford v. Wallace Land Acts Matthew Page Andrews† Proposition 13 Singleton Peace Plan Willoughby M. Babcock† Proposition 187 Virginia Declaration of Rights Northfield Bank Robbery Proposition 209 Ruby Ridge Wayne Andrews† Andrew J. Bacevich† Simpson Murder Trials America First Committee Volunteer Army Unabomber War Powers Act Paul M. Angle† Leland D. Baldwin† Freeport Doctrine Charles H. Backstrom† Allegheny River Illinois and Michigan Canal Gerrymander Bargemen Illinois Fur Brigade Ripper Legislation Flatboatmen Mormon War Galley Boats Rail Splitter Douglas Bacon Keelboat Mayo Clinic River Navigation Thomas Archdeacon Anesthesia, Discovery of Whiskey Rebellion University of Wisconsin–Madison Assimilation Paul Bacon Sidney Baldwin† New York, New York Job Corps Ethel Armes† Accidents Alexandria Rebecca Bales Lawrence Badash Diablo Valley College David Armstrong† University of California, Santa Barbara Klamath-Modoc Machine Guns Cyclotron Modoc War 2 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS Shelby Balik Packers and Stockyards Act Paul C. Bartholomew† University of Wisconsin–Madison Pujo Committee Boundary Disputes Between American Bible Society States Burghers Elliott R. Barkan Expatriation Cabot Voyages California State University at San McCulloch v. Maryland Civil Religion Bernadino Colonial Assemblies Multiculturalism Bob Batchelor Duke of York’s Laws San Rafael, California Education, Experimental Gilbert Hobbs Barnes† Armory Show Hundred Oberlin-Wellington Rescue Ashcan School Jehovah’s Witnesses Case AT&T Jenkins’s Ear, War of AT&T Divestiture King George’s War James A. Barnes† Bank of America King Philip’s War Bootlegging Trade, Foreign King William’s War Cartoons Latitudinarians Chambers of Commerce Viola F. Barnes† Navigation Acts Cyborgs Chartered Companies Toleration Acts Fair-Trade Laws Council for New England Townshend Acts Fiber Optics Duke of York’s Proprietary Gray Panthers Farmer’s Letters Milner S. Ball Hell’s Angels Plymouth, Virginia Company of University of Georgia School of Law Insider Trading Providence Island Company Cherokee Nation Cases Kent State Protest Randolph Commission Mass Production Sow Case Randall Balmer Pittsburgh Barnard College Quiz Show Scandals Gene Barnett Protestantism Radio University of Wisconsin–Madison Robber Barons William M. Banks Alabama San Francisco University of California, Berkeley Scandals Black Nationalism William C. Barnett Magazines and Newspapers, Madison, Wisconson Robert L. Bateman African American Hurricanes United States Military Academy Nation of Islam Mexico, Gulf of Mims, Fort, Massacre at Charles Pete Banner-Haley Georgia Brady Barnhill Scott C. Bates Colgate University American Antiquarian Society WestEd, San Francisco, California Black Power Catlin’s Indian Paintings Substance Abuse Organization of Afro-American Wood Engraving Unity Edwin A. Battison† White Supremacy Daniel P. Barr Typewriter Kent State University Lance Banning Army on the Frontier James L. Baughman University of Kentucky Explorations and Expeditions: University of Wisconsin–Madison Jeffersonian Democracy British Television: Programming and Republicans, Jeffersonian Explorations and Expeditions: Influence Dutch Robert C. Bannister Jr. Frontier Timothy Bawden Swarthmore College Frontier Thesis, Turner’s University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire Swarthmore College La Salle Explorations Camp Fire Girls Laramie, Fort Forty-Eighters William J. Barber† Lewis and Clark Expedition Fox-Wisconsin Waterway Rhodes Scholarships Westward Migration National Geographic Society Vacation and Leisure Thomas S. Barclay† Mark V. Barrow Jr. McNary-Haugen Bill Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Heather Becker Minor v. Happersett University Chicago Conservation Center Normalcy Ornithology Murals 3 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS Thomas Becker† Indians in the Civil War Elbert J. Benton† Society for the Prevention of Native Americans Liberal Republican Party Cruelty to Children Ojibwe Western Reserve Ottawa Robert L. Bee Glenn H. Benton† University of Connecticut James H. Belote† Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy Mohave Bataan-Corregidor Campaign Okinawa Megan L. Benton Kirk H. Beetz Pacific Lutheran University Davis, California William M. Belote† Prizes and Awards: MacArthur ACTION Bataan-Corregidor Campaign Foundation “Genius” Assembly Line Okinawa Awards Auto Emission Testing and Prizes and Awards: Pulitzer Standards Samuel Flagg Bemis† Prizes German-American Debt Agree- Automobile Industry Buckboards ment Clarence A. Berdahl† Central Europe, Relations with Lausanne Agreement Berlin, Treaty of Cereal Grains Plan of 1776 Boston Police Strike Cereals, Manufacture of Taft-Katsura Memorandum Caucus Citizenship Webster-Ashburton Treaty Confirmation by the Senate Connecticut Equal Rights Party Executive Orders Byron W. Bender† Yap Mandate Linguistics French Decrees Fuels, Alternative Julie Berebitsky Kansas Margaret Bendroth University of the South Massachusetts Circular Letter Calvin College Adoption Michigan, Upper Peninsula of United Church of Christ Nebraska Robert L. Berg† New Hampshire Michael L. Benedict Territories of the United States Nicaraguan Canal Project Ohio State University Pennsylvania Baker v. Carr Carl Berger† Polar Exploration Civil Rights Act of 1866 World War II, Air War against Portsmouth, Treaty of Civil Rights Act of 1875 Japan Rhode Island Committee on the Conduct of Savannah the War Mark T. Berger Tennessee Impeachment Trial of Andrew University of New South Wales Treaties, Commercial Johnson Foreign Aid Joint Committee on Recon- Good Neighbor Policy struction Michal R. Belknap Gunboat Diplomacy California Western School of Law and India and Pakistan, Relations with Richard R. Benert† University of California, San Diego Latin American Wars of Inde- Nader’s Raiders Alexander v. Holmes County pendence Board of Education League of Nations Stefanie Beninato In Re Gault Organization of American Santa Fe, New Mexico Schenck v. United States States Colonial Administration, Spanish War and the Constitution Pan-American Union Southeast Asia Treaty Organiza- William Ira Bennett† John L. Bell tion Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome Western Carolina University United Nations North Carolina George C. S. Benson† Laura A. Bergheim Whitfield J. Bell Jr.† Interstate Compacts Columbus, Ohio American Philosophical Society Anarchists Keith R. Benson Barbados Phil Bellfy National Science Foundation Distilling White Earth Anishnaabe and Michigan Marine Biology Hispanic Americans State University Oceanography Manumission 4 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS Maternal and Child Health Slave Trade Objectivism Care National Endowment for the Arts Jennifer L. Bertolet Joseph C. Bigott Press Associations George Washington University Purdue University, Calumet Voice of America Cambridge Agreement Bathtubs and Bathing Empresario System Barbara R. Bergman Great Migration Monroe Billington† American University Homestead Movement Primary, White Glass Ceiling Mussel Slough Incident States’ Rights Oñate Explorations and Settle- Don H. Berkebile† ments Ray Allen Billington† Trucking Industry Maria Monk Controversy Wagon Manufacture Gary Dean Best Nativism University of Hawaii (emeritus) Philadelphia Riots Edward D. Berkowitz Hawaii United Americans, Order of George Washington University Ursuline Convent, Burning of Health and Human Services, Loren P. Beth† Department of Implied Powers Robert W. Bingham† War on Poverty Great Lakes Naval Campaigns Charles F. Bethel of 1812 Leslie Berlowitz San Diego, California Niagara, Carrying Place of American Academy of Arts and Sciences Indemnities Niagara Campaigns American Academy of Arts and National Lawyers Guild Niagara Falls Sciences Stoney Creek, Battle of John K. Bettersworth† John S. Berman Cotton Money Arthur C. Bining† New York University Industries, Colonial Sex Education Herman Beukema† Iron Act of 1750 West Point Larry Berman Mary Jo Binker University of California, Davis Fred W. Beuttler George Mason University Vietnam, Relations with University of Illinois at Chicago Ames Espionage Case Carnegie Corporation of New Hanssen Espionage Case Lila Corwin Berman York Yale University Carnegie Foundation for the Robert H. Birkby† Institute for Advanced Study Advancement of Teaching Delegation of Powers Rafts and Rafting Encyclopedias Foundations, Endowed Martina B. Bishopp William C. Berman MacArthur Foundation Washington University in St. Louis University of Toronto Mayo Foundation Music: Classical Bitburg Controversy Pew Memorial Trust Opera Clinton Scandals Philanthropy Clinton v. Jones Revolution, Right of Erin Black Domino Theory Rockefeller Foundation University of Toronto Eagleton Affair Battle Fleet Cruise Around the Kosovo Bombing Gary Bevington World Tonkin Gulf Resolution Northeastern Illinois University World Bank Cherokee Language Daniel Bernardi Custer Died for Your Sins Liza Black University of Arizona Indian Languages University of Michigan Citizen Kane Lakota Language Remington and Indian and Star Wars Navajo Language Western Images Celeste-Marie Bernier Rae Sikula Bielakowski Ned Blackhawk University of Nottingham Loyola University of Chicago University of Wisconsin–Madison Creole Slave Case Dime Novels Ex Parte Crow Dog Slave Rescue Cases Jungle, The Fox War 5 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS Indians and Slavery Jack S. Blocker Jr. Prisoners of War: Prison Ships Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock Huron University College, University Ships of the Line Lyng v. Northwest Indian Ceme- of Western Ontario Twenty-One Gun Salute tery Association Alcohol, Regulation of Navajo War Alcoholics Anonymous Bruce A. Bolt† Paiute Prohibition Earthquakes Pontiac’s War Seminole Tribe v. Florida Irene Bloemraad Charles K. Bolton† Seminole Wars Harvard University “Don’t Fire Till You See the Sioux Uprising in Minnesota Naturalization White of Their Eyes” Sioux Wars Tecumseh’s Crusade Lansing B. Bloom† Tribes: Great Basin California Trail Ethel Stanwood Bolton† United States v. Sioux Nation Wax Portraits Wounded Knee (1973) Francis X. Blouin Yakima Indian Wars University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Theodore Bolton† Michigan Silhouettes Martha Royce Blaine University of Michigan Oklahoma State Historical Center Beverley W. Bond Jr.† Pawnee Albert A. Blum† Miami Purchase Yellow-Dog Contract John B. Blake† Martyn Bone Malaria Martin Blumenson† University of Copenhagen Anzio City on a Hill Cherbourg Ellen Sue Blakey “Dixie” Gothic Line Wyoming Folk Center Jazz Age Gustav Line Honolulu Soccer Kasserine Pass, Battle of Monte Cassino G. Robert Blakey North African Campaign Milledge L. Bonham Jr.† University of Notre Dame Law School Saint-Lô Bull Run, First Battle of RICO Salerno CarolineAffair Sicilian Campaign Edwin H. Blanchard† Jeremy Bonner Peninsular Campaign Edith L. Blumhofer† Washington, D.C. Wheaton College African Methodist Episcopal Thomas E. Blantz, C.S.C.† Adventist Churches Church Holy Cross, Priests of Millennialism Assemblies of God Church of God in Christ T. C. Blegen† Lance R. Blyth Disciples of Christ Northwest Angle Northern Arizona University Episcopalianism Snelling, Fort Encomienda System Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankrupt- cy Act Arthur R. Blessing† Robert C. Boardman† Idaho Bonhomme Richard-Serapis Audubon Society Latter-day Saints, Church of Encounter Jesus Christ of Mody C. Boatright† Lutheranism Daniel K. Blewett Tall Stories Moravian Brethren The College of DuPage Library Pentecostal Churches Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of Louis H. Bolander† Progressive Party, 1924 Reorganized Church of Jesus Constitution Jack Blicksilver† “Don’t Give Up the Ship” Christ of Latter-day Saints Cotton Dreadnought Scandinavian Americans Utah Golden Hind David W. Blight Jersey Prison Ship Amherst College Mortars, Civil War Naval Timothy G. Borden Souls of Black Folk, The Nautilus Toledo, Ohio 6 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS American Federation of State, E. Douglas Branch† Carolyn Bronstein† County, and Municipal Buffalo Trails Achille Lauro Employees Pack Trains Jonestown Massacre Americorps Mount St. Helens Black Panthers Robert M. Bratton Indiana Salmon P. Chase College of Law, Philip Coolidge Brooks† International Union of Mine, Northern Kentucky University Convention of 1818 with Eng- Mill, and Smelter Workers U.S. Steel land Wayne, Fort Era of Good Feeling Susan Roth Breitzer Georg Borgstrom† University of Iowa R. P. Brooks† Meatpacking Amalgamated Clothing Work- Bankhead Cotton Act ers of America Douglas E. Bowers Child Labor Economic Research Service, U.S. Discrimination: Race Robert C. Brooks† Department of Agriculture Canvass Agriculture, Department of Marion V. Brewington† Alfred L. Brophy France, Quasi-War with Ray L. Bowers† University of Alabama School of Law Air Force Academy Common Law Howard Brick Property Washington University in St. Louis Julian P. Boyd† Tulsa Race Riot Sociology Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan Paxton Boys William W. Brickman† Cornelius James Brosnan† Coeur d’Alene Riots Education, Higher: Colleges Anne M. Boylan and Universities University of Delaware Education, United States Office Dorothea Browder Sunday Schools of University of Wisconsin–Madison Exchange Students Coeur d’Alene Riots Eric William Boyle Schools, Private Gasoline Taxes University of California, Santa Bar- Medicine, Occupational bara Ron Briley Childbirth and Reproduction Sandia Preparatory School Dee Brown† Endangered Species Audio Technology Industry Galvanized Yankees Wildlife Preservation Thrift Stamps Frederick A. Bradford† Harry James Brown† Tom A. Brindley† Banking: Banking Acts of 1933 Wool Growing and Manufac- Corn Borer, European and 1935 ture Banking: Banking Crisis of 1933 Bills of Credit Jerry Brisco James A. Brown Glass-Steagall Act Arizona State University Northwestern University Gold Exchange Dime Stores Adena Gold Purchase Plan Macy’s Hopewell Inflation in the Confederacy Retailing Industry Natchez Liberty Loans Sears Roebuck Catalog Spiro McFadden Banking Act National Bank Notes James E. Brittain† L. Carl Brown National Monetary Commis- Electric Power and Light Indus- Princeton University sion try Arab Nations, Relations with Lighting Phillips Bradley† Microwave Technology Hylton v. United States Niagara Falls Lloyd A. Brown† Cabot Voyages Richard Bradley David Brody† Central Methodist College American Labor Party Phillip M. Brown† Anti-Semitism Socialist Party of America Deerfield Massacre 7 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS R. Blake Brown Ohio Company of Virginia Audubon Society Dalhousie University Proclamation of 1763 Bay of Pigs Invasion Eminent Domain Boxer Rebellion Grosjean v. American Press Com- Jay H. Buckley pany Brigham Young University George R. Burkes Jr. Jury Trial Fur Companies Library of Congress Staggers Rail Act Fur Trade and Trapping Encounter Groups Family Values Richard Maxwell Brown Peter Buckley University of Oregon Cooper Union for the Advancement of Roger Burlingame† Violence Science and Art International Harvester Com- Cooper Union for the Advance- pany William Lincoln Brown† ment of Science and Art Rum Trade Schooner Raymond A. Bucko, S.J. David Burner W. Elliot Brownlee Creighton University State University of New York at Stony University of California, Santa Barbara Sioux Brook Hamilton’s Economic Policies Hudson River School Taxation John Budd Polling University of Minnesota Trusts Kathleen Bruce† Arbitration Water Supply and Conservation White House of the Confeder- Comprehensive Employment acy and Training Act Christina Duffy Burnett Princeton University Mia Sara Bruch Arthur F. Buehler Territorial Governments Stanford University Louisiana State University Ethical Culture, Society for Asian Religions and Sects Edmund C. Burnett† Islam Independence Day John Brudvig University of Mary John D. Buenker John C. Burnham† North Dakota University of Wisconsin–Parkside Gasoline Taxes Union, Fort Progressive Party, Wisconsin Referendum Chester R. Burns† Lester H. Brune University of Wisconsin Hygiene Bradley University Jay-Gardoqui Negotiations Paul Buhle Jennifer Burns Joint Occupation Brown University University of California, Berkeley Socialist Labor Party Leatherstocking Tales Erik Bruun† Leaves of Grass Animal Rights Movement David Buisseret Modernists, Protestant Junk Bonds University of Texas, Arlington Mysticism Small Business Administration Creoles and Creolization Stagflation Lawrence J. Burpee† John J. Bukowczyk Abraham, Plains of G. S. Bryan† Wayne State University Montreal, Capture of (1760) Campaign Songs Polish Americans Saint Lawrence River United Empire Loyalists David R. Buck Vern L. Bullough† West Virginia University Prostitution Harold L. Burstyn† Extraterritoriality, Right of International Geophysical Year Monongahela, Battle of the Craig Bunch Open Door Policy Coldspring-Oakhurst High School, Stephen Burwood Texas State University of New York at Geneseo Solon J. Buck† Museum of Modern Art Marketing Braddock’s Expedition Duquesne, Fort Flannery Burke Alfred Bush Great Meadows University of Wisconsin–Madison Princeton University Library 8
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