Dictatorship in the Nineteenth Century: Conceptualisations, Experiences, Transfers

191 Pages·2021·17.557 MB·English

by  Moisés Prieto (editor)

Dictatorship in the Nineteenth Century
Historical research on modern dictatorship has often neglected the relevance of
the nineteenth century, instead focusing on twentieth-century dictatorial rules.
Dictatorship in the Nineteenth Century brings together scholars of political
thought,thehistoryofideasandgenderstudiesinordertoaddressthisoversight.
Politicaldictatorshipisoftenassumedtobeatwentieth-centuryphenomenon,
but the notion gained currencyduring the French Revolution. The Napoleonic
experience underscored this trend, which was later maintained during the wars
ofindependence in Latin America. Starting from the assumption that dictator-
shiphasitsownhistorywithinthenineteenthcentury,separatefromtheancient
Roman paradigm and twentieth-century totalitarianism, this volume aims at
establishingadialoguebetweentheconceptsofdictatorshipandtheexperiences
and transfer of knowledge between Latin America and Europe during this
period.
Thisbookisessentialreadingforscholarsandstudentsofmodernhistory,as
wellasthoseinterestedinpoliticalhistoryandthehistoryofdictatorship.
Moisés Prieto is an Associate Researcher at the University of Bern, Switzer-
land. He was previously an academic visitor at the Universityof Oxford, and
an Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow at the Ibero-Amerikanisches
Institut and the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. His research embraces dic-
tatorship in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, media history, the history
of migration, and the historyof emotions.
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Dictatorship in the Nineteenth
Century
Conceptualisations, Experiences, Transfers
Edited by Moisés Prieto
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Contents
List of figures vii
List of contributors viii
Acknowledgements xi
Introduction: “The dictator is coming …” 1
MOISÉSPRIETO
PARTI
Conceptualisations 13
1 The Napoleonic regime: A paradigm or an anachronism for the
new century? 15
MICHAELBROERS
2 Caesarism in the nineteenth century 30
MARKUSJ.PRUTSCH
3 Dictatorship, Bonapartism, Caesarism: On Marx’s Eighteenth
Brumaire 47
FRANCESCAANTONINI
4 Militarydictatorshipasthe‘reignofthemightier’:KarlLudwigvon
Haller’sorganicistconceptofnaturalorderandautocraticrule 66
ALEXANDERKRUSKA
PARTII
Experiences 83
5 Tyrants or fathers in the bosom of the family? The Argentine
caudillos of the post-independence-era as ‘good dictators’ 85
STEPHANRUDERER
vi Contents
6 Caudillismo and gender in the Hispanic world: The case of Peru,
1810s–1840 98
MÓNICARICKETTS
PARTIII
Transfers 111
7 Garibaldi and the dictatorship: Features and cultural sources 113
CESAREVETTER
8 The epitome of modern dictatorship in the early nineteenth
century: Dr. Francia in Paraguay, or ‘The Chinese emperorof the
West’ 133
STEFANRINKE
9 An iconographyof early nineteenth-century dictatorship in the
Atlantic space 150
MOISÉSPRIETO
Index 175
Figures
9.1 Benjamin West, Oliver Cromwell Dissolving the Long
Parliament, 1782, oil on canvas. 151
9.2 François Bouchot, Napoleon Bonaparte in the coup d’état of 18
Brumaire in Saint-Cloud, 1840, oil on canvas. 153
9.3a Juan Antonio Ribera, Cincinnatus Leaves the Plough to Dictate
Laws to Rome, c. 1806, oil on canvas. 155
9.3b Detail of Ribera’s Cincinnatus Leaves the Plough to Dictate
Laws to Rome. 156
9.4 Heinrich Friedrich Füger, The Murder of Julius Caesar, 1818. 157
9.5 Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps, 1801, oil on
canvas. 158
9.6 Samuel William Reynolds, Simon Bolivar Libertador, 1824,
engraving. 159
9.7 Different federal and red badges (divisas punzó). 162
9.8 Doroteo de Plot (attributed), El exterminador de la anarquía,
c. 1839, oil on canvas. 164
9.9 Silver pocket watch with Rosas’ portrait engraved and the
Federalist motto around. 165
9.10 Comb or peinetón with Rosas’silhouette, c. 1835. 165
9.11 Cane with Napoleon’s profile. 166
9.12 Jean-BaptisteThiébault,NapoleonBonaparteTouchingtheBubo
of a Plague Victim at Jaffa in 1799, colouredwood engraving. 167
Contributors
Francesca Antonini (PhD 2015, Università di Pavia, Italy) is currently an early
careerfellowattheLichtenberg-Kolleg,Georg-August-UniversitätGöttingen
(Germany). Previously she held research positions at the ENS de Lyon
(France)andattheFondazioneLuigiEinaudiinTurin(Italy).Since2016she
hasbeenacollaboratorattheFondazioneGramsciinRome,workingonthe
new critical edition of Antonio Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks. Her main
researchinterestsareintellectualhistory,thehistoryofpoliticalthought,and
Italian and European modern history. Her first monograph (Caesarism and
Bonapartism in Gramsci: Hegemony and the Crisis of Modernity) was pub-
lishedbyBrillinNovember2020.
Michael Broers is Professor of Western European History at the University of
Oxford. He is the author, most recently, of The Napoleonic Mediterranean
Enlightenment,RevolutionandEmpire(IBTauris,2016),Napoleon:Soldierof
Destiny(Faber&Faber,2015)andNapoleon.TheSpiritoftheAge(Faber&
Faber, 2018). He is the co-editor, with Ambrogio Caiani and Stephen Bann,
ofthetwo-volumecollectionTheEuropeanRestorations(Bloomsbury,2019).
His main interests are the application of theories of cultural imperialism to
European contexts in the revolutionary-Napoleonic period, and in the rela-
tionshipofregionalismandpopularCatholicismtomodernstatebuilding.
Alexander Kruska is University Lecturer in Political Science at Friedrich-
Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg. From 2011 until 2015 he
worked as an archivist at the FAU’s ‘Gerlach archive’ and, until 2018, as
researchassociateinthePoliticalScienceDepartment.HisPhDdissertation
(FAU,2017)dealswiththepolemicstheinfamousreactionaryKarlLudwig
von Haller used to fight against early liberal thought and its democratic
ideals. Kruska’s main research interests arepolitical theory, historyof poli-
ticalinstitutionsandGermanconservatisminthenineteenthcentury.
Moisés Prieto is adjunct researcher at the University of Bern and visiting
researcher at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academyof Sciences and Humanities.
He was formerly an academic visitor at the University of Oxford and an
Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow at the Ibero-Amerikanisches
List of contributors ix
Institutand theHumboldt-UniversitätzuBerlin.Hisresearchembracesdic-
tatorshipinthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies,mediahistory,visualhis-
tory,historyofmigration,culturalmemoryandthehistoryofemotions.Heis
the author of Zwischen Apologie und Ablehnung (Böhlau, 2015) and co-
authorofTele-revistaylaTransición(Iberoamericana/Vervuert,2015).
Markus J. Prutsch is senior investigator and administrator at the European Par-
liament,associateprofessorofmodernandcontemporaryhistoryatHeidelberg
University,andafellowofboththeGlobalYoungAcademyandtheHeidelberg
AcademyofSciencesandHumanities.Between2009and2012,hewasapost-
doctoral research fellow at the Universityof Helsinki within the international
researchprojectEurope1815–1914,fundedbytheEuropeanResearchCouncil.
His main fields of interest are: European political and constitutional history;
political theory and philosophy; comparative research on democracy and dic-
tatorship;andidentitystudies.RecentmajorpublicationsincludeMakingSense
ofConstitutionalMonarchisminPost-NapoleonicEurope(PalgraveMacmillan,
2013); Constitutionalism, Legitimacy, and Power: Nineteenth-Century Experi-
ences (editor with Kelly L. Grotke, Oxford University Press, 2014); European
Identity (European Parliament, 2017); and Science, Numbers and Politics
(editor, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019) and Caesarism in the Post-Revolutionary
Age:Crisis,PopulaceandLeadership(Bloomsbury,2020).
Mónica Ricketts is Associate Professor of Latin American history at Temple
University. She specialises in the intellectual, political and cultural history
oftheSpanishworld. She receivedher BAand Licenciatedegreesfromthe
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú in Lima and her PhD from Har-
vard University. She has published Who Should Rule? Men of Arms, the
Republic of Letters, and the Fall of the Spanish Empire (Oxford University
Press, 2017). She is currently working on the intersection of gender and
politics in Latin America and on the role that the theatre played in the
formation of a common political culture in the Spanish world.
StefanRinkeisProfessorandChairoftheDepartmentofHistoryattheInstitute
of Latin American Studies and the Friedrich Meinecke Institute at Freie
UniversitätBerlin.BeforecomingtoBerlinin2005hetaughtatKatholische
Universität Eichstätt and at Tufts University. He was awarded the Premio
Alzate by CONACYTand the Mexican Academy of Sciences, the Einstein
ResearchFellowship,andanhonorarydoctoratebyUniversidadNacionalde
San Martín. He is currently Speaker of the German-Mexican Graduate
School “Temporalities of Future”. Rinke has published numerous mono-
graphs, collected volumes, and articles. His latest book Conquistadors and
AztecswaspublishedbyOxfordUniversityPressin2021.
Stephan Ruderer is Professor of Chilean and Latin American history at the
PontificiaUniversidadCatólicadeChile(PUC)inSantiago.Hewasawarded
his PhD at the Universityof Heidelberg in 2008. He has been working as a
researcherattheUniversityofMünsterontheCatholicChurchandmilitary