Diclofenac Levels in Livestock Carcasses in India Before the 2006 "ban"

2008·6.6 MB·

by  K R Senacha

Journal ofthe Bombay Natural HistorySociety, 105 (2), May-Aug 2008 148-161
DICLOFENAC LEVELS IN LIVESTOCK CARCASSES IN INDIA
BEFORE THE 2006 “BAN”1
K.R. Senacha2-8, M.A. Taggart3,A.R. Rahmani29, Y.V. Jhala4, R. Cuthbert5, D.J. Pain6 and R.E. Green7
'AcceptedJune 16,2008
'BombayNatural HistorySociety, Hornbill House,S B. Singh Road,Mumbai400001, Maharashtra, India.
'InstitutedeInvestigationen RecursosCinegeticos(IREC),RondadeToledos/n,CiudadReal,Spain. Email: [email protected]
'WildlifeInstituteofIndia,Chandrabani. RO. Box 18,Dehradun.Uttarakhand,India.Email:[email protected]
'Royal Societyforthe ProtectionofBirds,TheLodge,Sandy,Bedfordshire, UnitedKingdom. Email: [email protected]
''Wildfowl andWetlandsTrust(WWT).Slimbridge,Gloucestershire,GL27BT, UnitedKingdom. Email:[email protected]
'Conservation ScienceGroup. DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofCambridge,CambridgeCB23EJ, UnitedKingdom.
Email: [email protected]
8Email: [email protected]
'Entail: [email protected]
ThreespeciesofGypsvulture,oncecommonacrosstheIndiansubcontinent,havedeclinedbymorethan97%inIndia
since 1992, and are now on the verge ofglobal extinction. The decline is due to contamination of their food with
diclofenac,anon-steroidal anti-inflammatorydrug(NSAID)commonly usedasapainkillerforlivestockinIndia. On
May 11, 2006, the DrugControllerGeneral (India)orderedthewithdrawalofall licencesgrantedforthemanufacture
ofdiclofenac for veterinary use in India within three months. To monitor the effectiveness ofthis ban in protecting
Gyps vultures it is vital to verify levels ofdiclofenac in livestock carcasses in Indiaboth before andafterthe ban, to
determinewhetherdiclofenacuseisbeingreduced.Inthisstudy,wecollectedlivertissuesamplesfrom 1,848livestock
carcasses at 63 carcass dumps and four slaughterhouses across 12 Indian states during the period May 2004 toJune
2005. The diclofenac levels were quantified using liquidchromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry,
with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 10 pg/kg and limit of detection (LOD) of 4 pg/kg. Across the 12 states,
diclofenac residues were found in 10.1% of livestock carcasses sampled: a prevalence ofcontamination more than
sufficienttocausewidespreadmortalityofvultures.Thereweresignificantdifferencesin theprevalenceofdiclofenac
betweenstatesandsites,andbetweenthespeciesandage-classesofanimals,withcattlehavingahigherprevalenceof
diclofenacthananyotherspecies,andwithhigherlevelsofcontaminationinfemaleanimals. Inaddition,oursampling
revealeddifferences in thedaily intakerateofcarcasses between sites, with anoverall averageof7.47 ±0.58 animals
perday acrossthe 63 carcassdumps, and amaximumof>50animals perday atLudhiana(Punjab). Despitethelarge
numberofcarcassesavailable. Gypsvultureswereonlysightedforthreedaysoutofthetotal 169daysofsurveytime
spentatcarcassdumps. Thelarge numberofcarcassesand lownumbersofvulturesdemonstratethatfoodavailability
is not an importantfactoraffecting vulture populationsinIndia. Repeated surveys, followingthe methodsdetailedin
this study, are now vital to monitor and assess the impact of diclofenac levels in livestock carcasses available to
vultures.
Key words: Diclofenac, livestockcarcasses, conservation. Gyps vultures, India
INTRODUCTION of 16% to 44% per year (Green et al. 2004; Prakash et al.
2007).
Veterinaryuseofthenon-steroidal anti-inflammatory Diclofenac is a widely available NSAID across the
drug (NSAID) diclofenac is the main cause of the Indian subcontinent, where it isusedas anantipyretic, anti-
catastrophic declineinpopulations ofthree Gyps species of inflammatory and/or analgesic for livestock treatment.
vulture. Gypsbengalensis(OrientalWhite-backed vulture). Vultures are exposed to the drug when they consume
Gyps indicus (Long-billed vulture) and Gyps tenuirostris carcasses of livestock that were treated with diclofenac
(Slender-billedvulture)endemictoSouthAsia(Greenetal. shortly before death. Gyps given therapeutic doses of
2004, 2006; Oaks et al. 2004; Shultz et al. 2004). Their diclofenac,orfeddiclofenac-contaminatedtissue,diewithin
populations in India have declined by more than 97% since days from kidney failure with clinical signs of extensive
1992 (Prakashetal. 2003; Greenetal. 2004), with numbers visceral gout (the formation ofuric acid crystals on/within
ofOriental White-backed vulturesdecreasing by more than tissue) (Oaks etal. 2004; Swan etal. 2006).
99.9% from 1992 to 2007 (Prakash et al. 2007). These Modelling has shown that the observed rate of
populationdeclineshave leftallthree speciesofvultureata population decline could be caused by contamination of a
highriskofglobal extinction andledtothembeinglistedas verysmallproportion(0.13%to0.75%)ofungulatecarcasses
Critically Endangered by the IUCN (World Conservation availabletovultureswithalethallevelofdiclofenac(Green
Union) (IUCN 2007). Population declines continue atrates etal. 2004). Untilrecentlytherehavebeennodataavailable
DICLOFENAC LEVELS IN LIVESTOCK CARCASSES IN INDIA BEFORE THE 2006"BAN'
completeremovalofdiclofenac.Thecollectionoflivertissue
samplesfromlivestockcarcasses,availablecountrywide,and
their analysis for the detection of diclofenac residues is a
reliable technique to test whether or not this drug is being
used for veterinary treatment in India. Therefore, relevant
pre-ban data is required to assess the effectiveness of the
ban in the future. Taggart et al. (2007b) published data on
overall and state-wide residual concentration levels and the
prevalenceofdiclofenac;however,site-specificdetailswere
beyondthescopeofthatreportandremainunspecified. Such
datais ofcritical importance forassessingthe effectiveness
ofthebanatlocalandregionalscales. Here,wepresentsite-
specificdatausingthe 1,848liversamplesutilisedbyTaggart
et al. (2007b) and examine variations in the data by sites
within states. We also note differences between livestock
species, sex, type of death, category ofcollection site and
age.
METHODS
Field SamplingofLivers from Domestic Ungulate
Carcasses
ontheresiduelevelsandprevalenceofdiclofenacin ungulate Liversamplesfromcattle(n =893),buffalo(n =861),
carcasses available to vultures across India. Following the sheep (n = 48), goat (n = 39), horse (n = 6) and camel
publication ofa very small data set (Taggart et al. 2007a), (vnt = 1)7 were collected from 67 sites in 12 states of India
Taggart et al. (2007b) further reported on the analysis of (Fig. 1) between May 2004 and July 2005. The states
1,848 liversamplescollected from livestockcarcassesfrom from which samples were collected were Andhra Pradesh
12 states in India. This analysis revealed that the overall (AP, n = 161), Bihar (BH, n = 121), Gujarat (GJ, n = 65),
prevalence ofdetectable diclofenac (>10 pg/kg) across all Jammu and Kashmir (JK, n = 77), Jharkhand (JH, n = 54),
t t
states was 10.1% and varied significantly between states, MadhyaPradesh(MP,n = 195),Maharashtra(MH,n = 194),
with up to 22.3% prevalence determined in the state of Orissa (OR, n = 52), Punjab (PB, n = 76), Rajasthan
(
Bihar. (RJ, n =310), UttarPradesh(UP, n =449)andWestBengal
OnMay 1 1, 2006,theDrugControllerGeneral(India) (WB, n = 94). Three more states, Assam (AS), Meghalaya
ordered the withdrawal of all licences granted for the (MG) andUttarakhand (UA), were also visited (for20days
manufactureofdiclofenac forveterinary use inIndiawithin in all), but samples could not be collected because sites in
3 monthsofthisdate(Kumar2006).Thoughthiswasavery thesestateswereeithernotreceivinganylivestockcarcasses
positive and significant step in terms of acting to halt the atthetimethatwevisited,or,wecouldnotobtainpermission
rapiddeclineofGypsvulturesinIndia,it may inrealitytake to take samples from the carcasses, or, carcasses were not
considerabletimeandefforttoeffectivelyremoveallexisting being skinned and left for scavengers because local
stocksofveterinary formulationsofthedrug andtoprevent authorities had switched to carcass burial as a disposal
the use of the drug derived from other sources (Taggart et method.
al. 2007b). Before the ban, diclofenac was probably one of Samples were collected from carcasses at Municipal
the most (if not the most) commonly administered and Corporation Carcass Dumps (MCCD, n = 1,068),
t
cheapest NSAIDs used in veterinary medicine in India. Co-operativeCarcassDumps(CCD,n =28),AnimalCharity
Industrysourcesestimatethatsome 10milliondomesticated Carcass Dumps (ACCD, n = 32), Private Carcass Dumps
animals are treated annually with diclofenac (MoEF2006). (PCD,n =448)andSlaughterhouses(SH,n =272). MCCDs
Therefore,substantialstocksprobablystillexist,anddemand are managedby the municipalitiesofcertaincitiestodump/
is likely to continue at a high level. processcarcasses,whereasCCDsareownedbyco-operative
If Gyps vultures are to survive in India, the Indian societies involved in the businessofcarcass processing (for
veterinarymarketshouldbestrictlymonitored toensurethe leatherandbone). PCDsareownedby independentskinners
J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, 105 (2), May-Aug 2008 149
DICLOFENAC LEVELS IN LIVESTOCKCARCASSES IN INDIA BEFORE THE 2006"BAN
or small contractors, while ACCDs are owned by animal chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
charities. Slaughterhouses were included in the survey (LC-ESI/MS) using an Agilent 1100 series instrument
becauseasubstantialamountofwaste(theoffal)isdisposed (1946D). The instrument was calibrated using standards
ofon-siteandisavailabletovultures.The sitesvisitedwere ranging from 5 to 1,000 pg/kg in diclofenac concentration,
simply those encounteredduring fieldworkvisits forwhich generated using diclofenac sodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich,
it was possible to obtain access and permission to gather D6899).Thelimitofquantification(LOQ)forthistechnique
samples. Consequently, they were not necessarily a (back calculated to wet tissue concentration) was found to
representative sample of all locations at which livestock be 10 pg/kg, and the limit of detection (LOD) was
carcasses were available to vultures across India, however; 4 pg/kg.
wedidnotconsciouslyselectsitesbasedonanycriteriathat
were likely to lead to an atypical prevalence ofdiclofenac- Statistics
treated animals. We used chi-square tests to compare the diclofenac
Foreverydeadanimalthatarrivedatthesite,the liver prevalence levels between sites within each state, and
was initially removed from the carcass by local skinners restrictedthis analysisto sites where >6 livestockcarcasses
working at these sites; we then removed three tissue weresampled.Chi-squaretestsbetweentwogroupsutilised
subsamples of 3-4 gm each from three different regions of theYatescorrectionforcontinuity.Testsofvariationamong
the whole liver using a surgical scalpel. These three sites in daily carcass intake rates were made usingone-way
subsamples were then bulked together into one watertight ANOVA analysis. All statistical tests were two-tailed with
25 ml polypropylene sample container, and further sealed significance set atp< 0.05. Because ofthe large numberof
with a tape and individually labelled. The scalpel, gloves comparisons (for each state; between sites, site type, age,
and a marble cutting stone (upon which subsamples were genderand species) we did notperformpost-hoc tests after
excised from the bulk liver) were thoroughly cleaned after theinitialchi-squaredtestorANOVA,butwereportifthere
samplingeachlivertoreducetheriskofcross-contamination. weredifferencesbetweengroupsandpresenteitherthemean
Batchesoftensampleswerethenplacedintolabelledziplock value (ifthereis nodifference)orthehighestintakeratesor
bags and stored on ice in a portable refrigerator. prevalence rate if there were significant differences. The
Subsequently, all samples were transferred to a freezer and individual prevalence and intake rates are presented for
stored at -20 °C until extraction. each site and state in Tables 1 and 2. A detailed statistical
At all sites, except Ludhiana in the state of Punjab, analysis ofthe influence ofgender, species, dump-type and
every carcass that arrived during our visit was sampled, age for the nationwide results is presented inTaggart etal.
regardlessofspecies, ageorcondition.Thereisthereforeno (2007b).
biaswithrespecttothespecies, ageorconditionofthedead
animals sampled at 66 ofthe 67 sites visited. At Ludhiana, RESULTS
>50 carcasses arrived at the site each day and it was not
possible to sample every carcass. Samples at this site A totalof 1,848 samples were collectedfrom 67 sites
(n =61)weretakenpredominantlyfromyoungprimeadults acrossIndia,ofwhich63siteswerecarcassdumpsprocessing
and mature adults. We stayed at sampling sites during the animals that died naturally, and four were slaughterhouses.
day time to record the total number of carcasses arriving Overall,thepercentageoflivestockcarcassesfoundpositive
there and spent an average of3.4 days (range 1-21 days) at for diclofenac was 10.1% (n = 1,848). There was no
eachofthe 63 carcass dumps and 3.3 days (range 1-4 days) significant difference in diclofenac prevalence for animals
ateach ofthe slaughterhouses. collected in urban areas as opposed to rural areas (urban
diclofenac prevalence (d = 10.3% (n = 1,718); rural
)
p t
DiclofenacExtraction and Measurement d = 6.9% (n = 130); = 1.06, p - 0.30). Excluding
p
Full details of the extraction and measurement slaughterhouses, carcass arrival rate varied significantly
techniques used can be found in Taggart et al. (2007b). betweensites(one-wayANOVAF62 14g= 12.864,p<0.001),
However, briefly, diclofenac was extracted from 0.5 gm of ranging from 40.8 ±6.3 to 0.3 ±0.3 carcasses per day, with
liver tissue using 2 ml of HPLC grade acetonitrile, and an an overall average of7.5 ±0.6 (n = 211). Arrival rates also
d
UltraTurraxIKAT8handheldhomogeniser. Mixtureswere varied significantly between site type (F66 157 = 9.978,
centrifugedat 1,000gfor5 minutes,thesupernatantfiltered p < 0.001), with average rates varying in the order SH
andthenstoredincrimp-topLCvialsat-20°Cuntilanalysis. (20.9±4.5)>MCCD (14.6±1.2)>ACCD(5.3 ±2.5)>PCD
Diclofenac levels were determined by liquid (3.6 ±0.3) > CCD (3.5 ±0.8).
150 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 105 (2), May-Aug 2008
p
DICLOFENAC LEVELS IN LIVESTOCK CARCASSES IN INDIA BEFORETHE 2006"BAN'
Tables 1 and 2 show the breakdown of carcass diclofenac. However, this site only received an average of
intakeby site within each state, as well as name ofthe site, 1.5 ±0.5 carcasses per day, so only three animals were
type and geographical coordinates to enable repeated sampled. Diclofenac was found in cattle and buffalo, and
surveystobeundertakeninthefuture.Asnoneofthesamples therewerenosignificantdifferencesind byspecies,gender,
p
collected in Orissa were positive for diclofenac (all site type orage.
samples were taken at a slaughterhouse), this state is not In Madhya Pradesh, of the eight sites sampled five
considered further in comparative analysis of prevalence were positive for diclofenac, but the d did not differ
p
by species, gender, death type, dump type and age significantlybetweenthem (%2 =4.48,p=0.35).There was
4
group. a significant difference in daily arrival rate among
In Andhra Pradesh, two of four sites sampled were sites (F = 7.682, p < 0.001), with the highest number
? 19
positive fordiclofenac, and d varied significantly between arriving at Bhopal (15 ±2.7). The d differed significantly
p p
thesetwosites(%2 =6.00, <0.05; 2.6% atHyderabad and by gender and age, but not by species orsite.
28.6% in Gudiwada). There was no significant difference In Maharashtra, ofeight sites sampledonly two were
in the arrival rate of dead animals between these sites positive fordiclofenac, andthe d did not vary significantly
i
(F}14=2.917,p-0.071)withanoverallaverageof8.9±1.4 betweenthem (%2 =2.81,/?=0.09).Therewasasignificant
animals per day for the state. By species, diclofenac was difference among sites in daily arrival rate (F = 13.696,
7
detected in buffalo, cattle and horse carcasses, and the d p<0.001),whichwashighestattheMumbaisite(40.8±6.3).
p
variedsignificantly betweenthem (Table 2). Thed was not Thed variedsignificantlybyagebutnotbygender,species
significantly different between the genders, age groups or or site type.
the site types. In Punjab, of the seven sites sampled three were
In Bihar, Patna was the only site sampled, which positive fordiclofenac, but the d did not vary significantly
p
receivedanaverageof5.8±0.5carcassesperday,thed was betweenthem (%2, =0.30,p-0.86).There was asignificant
22.3%,anddifferedsignificantlybygenderandage,but not difference among sites in daily carcass arrival rate
by species. (F = 6.349, p = 0.010), with the highest rate occurring at
x
In Gujarat, of 12 sites sampled, five were positive for Ludhiana (15.3 ±3.1 animals sampled per day, with >50
diclofenac,butthed wasnotsignificantlydifferentamongst arriving each day). The d did not differ significantly by
p
them(%2 =3.94,/?=0.41).Thereweresignificantdifferences species, gender, site type orage.
4
among sites in the arrival rate ofcarcasses (F = 14.911, In Rajasthan, of the three sites sampled two were
p=0.002), with the highest numbers arriving at the Dabala positive fordiclofenac, but the d did not vary significantly
p
Panjarapole site, and an overall mean of 3.6 ±1 carcasses between them (%2 = 2.93, p = 0.09). The arrival rate was
j
per day for the state (Table 1). Diclofenac was recorded in highestinJodhpur(22.7±2.4)andwassignificantlydifferent
cattle and buffalo, with no significant differences noted in to the othertwo sites visited (F, |S = 18.52, p < 0.001). The
d byspecies,genderorsitetype,but,thereweredifferences d varied significantly by age, but not by gender, species or
p
with age. site type.
In Jammu and Kashmir, of eight sites sampled only In UttarPradesh, eight out ofnine sites sampled were
two were positive for diclofenac, and the d was not positivefordiclofenac,andthed variedsignificantlyamong
p p
significantly different between them (%2 = 0.20, p = 0.66). them (%2 = 26.01, p < 0.001). There was a significant
?
There was no significant difference among sites in the difference in the daily arrival rate at sites taking animals
arrival rate ofcarcasses (F1 = 1.193, p = 0.361), with an thatdiednaturally(F6 ,4=23.89,/?<0.001),withthehighest
overall average of 3.4 ±0.6 for the state. The R.S. Pura rates at Ghaziabad (19.7 ±1.7 carcasses per day). The d
p
site received the maximum number of carcasses per day, varied significantly by species, gender and site type, and
but was not significantly different in this respect to among age groups.
the other sites. By species, diclofenac was found In West Bengal, two of the four sites sampled
in cattle and buffalo, but the d was not significantly were positive for diclofenac, but the d did not vary
p p
different between these, and it did not differ by gender or significantly between them = 0.45, p = 0.50). There
age. was no significant difference among sites in daily
In Jharkhand, two sites were sampled, one of which, arrival rates (F = 2.939, p = 0.065), with an overall
theKantatolislaughterhousesite,waspositivefordiclofenac. average of4.7 ±0.7 forthe state. Thed varied significantly
Samples collected at the Harmu Road site were all from by age but not by gender, species or site type
animals that died naturally but none were positive for (Table 2).
J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.( 105 (2), May-Aug 2003 151
— — — —
.
DICLOFENAC LEVELS IN LIVESTOCK CARCASSES IN INDIA BEFORETHE 2006"BAN
of o>
Concentration CCDM
LD ^t
Range pg/kg *C si- 05 0C5D CD CO CD (i-Diq-CcD'ccD'OcJ'ccD'ccD'ccD n/a 105-109
Concentration
Geometric O LO CD
mean pg/kg CCoMM> u. 05iL—O 05C05D0c505c05cL+rCr.O)TC—O 0C5, CCLOMO uCCMD' oOi- ^C0 'CcD CD cCD 'CcD "CcD n/a 107
)
p
(d
Prevalence
(%) O O OtO-OCLOMOOOLOOtO-OCCMM O CLOOCDOOOOOO 0 3.9
CM CM
Samples collected )
(nt 3 51
Daily carcass Arrival rate CM-ro— CMCMtC—D t— CM-r— t— CMC5 CO CO CtO— CM CD r— CCOO 1.5 12.8
)
d
(n
Sampling
days 2 4
type QQQQqqq QOQ
OOOOoOOQOOuq QQQQQQQQ
D Q Q Q OOOOoooqoOoo OOOOOOOO
O O O Q 5552<<<q.<54Q.
Dump CL Q- ^ CL Q_Q.Q_Q_Q_Q_Q_Q_ PCD SH
/
(R) (U)
Rural Urban 3 3 D 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 U U
DC DC DC DC DC DC DC => DC DC DC cc
Gleoocgartaipohnic (reGadPinSg) (ddeegcriemeasl) zCqLoCCC•IIi0Ts«L*DDO-——0DD—i5* oy©Tz00©CmCC—-3D55OO L0CIzCCCICrCoLTs*UO—MO^ODODO-5* LzCoCooIC'eTIIIsssT*UMi—MOdD---5- zCrriCLchTCiiCi-UMM-nOS-”Onnn' zLooCqCCOCCLCIs*UDMMMMDD-5 LZ0CdoCcCCcCC'Is*nUMM5OOoOdD-T5 LoCZICCCIC1cIiTsss*—U-MMMO—Oo-5-’ Z0q0CLoLICCcCOC*MM55DUDDDdD5 LoC0Z'iTCIIOcCssT*3U—MO5dMl--5-- zCL00cCCtcCTId*MOU-5doMDD-5 LoZCCChCOCcC'0*TUM-MDODDd5f5 ZLocCCOCCCO0ILs*MUdDOM5DD-5 LoZCO0C0COi0CCL*UMM5D5D5OD5 zLoC1CCCC0CCCdIs*MUOOOMO5DO-5 0CzTC5ofLCsM—U8MO.. ZoLcCOC0hi0LOIs*—MUd-5DO5-5" LoCZcC'LCIOCs*TUMoOODO-5f LzcyCChioCCCU—-MMoOOn3D ZLoCCCCIc'hLOIss*tUM-DOo-DD5F- LoZoCoCICCCCCCs*UMMMOOOOD5- IL00CCCzCC0O,rCsn*MMU0DO5-MO-5: LozCCCITlIO'C'Csst'*UJOM-3MODD5--"* zCILo0CCC'C'hLis*TTMOU-5DOOD-5fr LoCzCCoLILOLs*UMOODDO5- (&E2835..336N43921) (2&E835..336N43921)
co
Q)
O Q>
Sniatmee 7—t055|OP<30 “^O *cCC-DD> £C-(3COCDD£QCCCCC>£DDODC0Q3J.C0U*-CcC25C2dl,.Q(•s59coQ20;DCd5=-.*(j.—CC2C2§-wiDDr0.^T5(-^C-o-ZDD.'H0CQ5S-Q2S2cC5D._;,5HD—^r-O^^K, r’SCOQCCCQOEODDDH..* « 0CC5DD C53CDD* Z.c2-=31 -^~Cwc2cD cQ_C/.D). £-CCEQDD _CPCOCCODDDD):>r HR(Raoarnamcduhi) K(aRnatantcolhii)
CD CL DC DC CD CD
10.06.05)
date) *(Co/D) CCDM CoOD
2 to
CL LoD o
State (sampling -~<c2Co O3205* lPloo 31S °°- Jharkhand (07.06.05
CD
152 3. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 105 (2), May-Aug 2008
— —
DICLOFENAC LEVELS IN LIVESTOCK CARCASSES IN INDIA BEFORETHE 2006"BAN'
CD 03
of Concentration o i1-n h0-0 13,723
y- co 13-4,102
Range pg/kg ^0^T0-T-0~0^0'c0'c(0'c03 ^0 0 ^0 ^CiO C°1M-H C0D3 15- n/a
Geometric mean Concentration pg/kg OCJM 00t33- _C0 COC\MJ QC\QJ c0 C00C ^c7tm-o 00ii-0n0*' 0C 0C 0C0^ 03 0C 0C C0 C5rfO CCTM-O ^(D 507.5 614.1 n/a
)
p
(d
Prevalence
(%) OC'OtC-DCOMOLDO-tO-O OOCD-r-OOOO O O O c1d- iCMn lCoM O 12.7 21.4 0
Samples collected )
(nt CM i- - CM i- CM CM CM CO t- (D ^ 't 150 159 1
Daily carcass Arrival rate LO CO CO 18.8 22.7 0.3
)
d
(n
Sampling
days 1- (O N CO 1- rr CM CM CO CO CM CM CO ^ CM CM CO 8 7 3
type
QOQ OQ qqqqq QOqOD qqqqq
OOOoOOOO OqOqoooO Q Q Q O Q Q Q
X O O O O o o o MCCD MCCD
Dump 0.220.0.0.0.0. 20.20.0.0.0.0. 1 1 I H H PCD
(/) Q. Q.
/
(R) (U)
Rural Urban 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 U U R
cc DC DC DC DC DC DC DC
C0M3 0iC3On CCMD 0im0n mco C0D3 CCoOO 00C00D CCMM C0D0 Ci03Dn 0[CqV0D. CC3OD C•c'3Do- C00M33 min C00M33 OCD 0ci0on CC0OO3 in iCMn Ci1Mn C0OD0 .6500
Gleoocgartiaopnhic reading) degrees) LoCOC0oCUQOD0oO LhoC00U-QM33 0Li0C13Un0D^ L00CyiUM—33 0Lo0CC03U3&DM3 o0L0O5T03U3~ Lo0CT0CiU00—nO3O LoLC»0iU0—OM3n Lo1hCOC0U^-0MM0 LoCoOTCUQ—oDO LC0CN0C^CUMMr00OO Lo0iCiU0nM3n L0oCmiUM30n Loc00hOU00-o3) LorCO0Co-UO-3DO L0choocoiU0o-0on 0CL0rCCoiU0r3OoDDn Loo0oiiUS3nn LiioiCCiU3—nnDDn CLoCihOKU-0OnD ihL000ooh--Un030* LCihoCCiU-OMDnOn CLoC0iMDUOO3-n LoCCC^0i}U0M3DOn- &E2773..93677565 2&E762..39103615 &E274.71400
(GPS (decimal CCZMM zCCMO CCzMM CCZMO CZCMO CCZMO zCCMO CCzMO Z0T~3 ZCT-M’ i0z—3 ZCM CzM i0z—3 iz0—3 CzM CzTM— CzO CCzMO CzCMO CzO zCCMO CCZOM CCzMO N N N
=
Cl x:
O) -r~ -S «>
03 03
^
3 03
Sniatmee -C000CD33 C-O0CD3 «£?£Q-j-]S C-*%uCL-O C—=-%C/2O) ~XoG "000CE0O333 kccoCoT>w2.|Ql|IjCSD_O 5QCocOo £'QE^>co, |2-§c®oo C33Q<E0/30). SOc000Z j•’J0Dx—cZ: J~0DoC !-o0c031E C-Oc00LC C.Cc32OL, Hn2nj. Bikaner Jodhpur Sanchore
olPT
CoO 18.07.04)
.c
cQ/)3 ^°/
date) "2D 2 to
Q- mo
(sampling oc>o> c<Pvi 0C/3 COD Rajasthan (28.06.04
State co co
1 Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 105 (2), May-Aug 2008 153
1
DICLOFENAC LEVELS IN LIVESTOCK CARCASSES IN INDIA BEFORETHE 2006"BAN"
CD
T- (D in 00
of Concentration CcDo cion o CiMn ipn CO T— oCO
Range pg/kg CCcmMO' cCdO' 0CM0 0 0cCm3O' 1 0C 0i<33n,- cCCmOD'
Concentration
Geometric mean pg/kg o CCiMDn oC«M ^o$ icon 0 °00l CM 0 iii—nn 0o3 cin
CM CD i— CM t- co co co
) 0
(dp ECL
D
o Q
CL
0
Prevalence (%) c\i T cd to CCOO CTO“ O CM 03 O O-OQ oQEo. O00
CO o
C0L
Samples collected ()nt co cCOo CiDn (D Cr^O- CcmO 0r3- cim-ioi-n _-0O0Q o0Q0_ OQ
0 Q.
QC0.L 0 0CL
E
Daily carcass Arrival rate CM 'CD'0i3— CO Oi—) ^ ci-d COCrO- CO CO CD 0 QD
)
_Q
d
(n
Is
Sampling days ^ CD CO CM N in o0CCD a«i E£ 5|2
type QE_ 0CD O
QO OQ oO OQ Oo oQ I OQ I OQ OQ OQ 003 "Ecto
Dump 2 2 O O <
/ CL CL CL CL CO CL CO CL 0 - <: Q
i 8 03 ® OO
(R) (U) <
I0 e0 CEL "t>oo.
Rural Urban 3 3 3 QC 3 3 CC 3 CC Z> 3 3 -o- C1AD/5 2 I
r- 2 CD CO CM Om cII 5 OX 0™3
SS CCMO C©CMO cCoD co «0*> —E 0
CD co
location LKU W® Lhr-U-' CLUO LU LccUoo ccLUoo LU LU e00" .'0-525 oiAn
Geographic reading) degrees) o3 oa c§aS0*3 oQ oQ oOCC&DO oOC$O oC^p3Mr oCOCLdODO oCL^Is3DO- *-0EQ5 0 =-0C02QD 0gO> 0QO.
(GPS (decimal s CM CM CCMM CCMM C13 -C o6
z z 0o B>i -0 ^ Q
o £0 o0 ! 8
c £ 0 0 0
Q. o o "O
Sinatmee -00Q3 QZJ -0(CC :^d0033 (^0d_T.Z<00oED5>3/) 5<^£»=(«£J.ZC>2D;-<St^o-c®cl§ c0n3 C(CD0L *0BCJ *O0(30 CE•ZO-3 E-O7O00T §00^ 5SO00cO 0CE000L 1o00O0S^ OL£00<OU8
8 8.
8 «8
8
0« .9O-
date) ~0o -"-D 0C0D E8 Ic
03 0 ®
1 OD
State (sampling t0z3 50 CaOt Co0D3 O2
154 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 105 (2), May-Aug 2008
—
DICLOFENAC LEVELS IN LIVESTOCK CARCASSES IN INDIA BEFORETHE 2006"BAN
o o O
6>)/6r1 o o o o
suojiejjojeue6ouueoyo CCMD oo1 C<3D- _CCD d0 .d0 d0 CCDD C—D d0 d^0 CTD— d^0 d0 d0 d0 TTC“"D c0 d0 d0 oo TC“D
ueeuuoiijoeujjjeui6e>uo|ou/6eoroQf sTCcccEz3Ouo COoCCIDDIl o CCiDMn .dCD d0 d d0 oTCCqCI-MDIl C5O 0c 0C 0c C5O d0 d0 .d0 d C5O d_0 dCLoccmIDOIl' d0 d oT_ CCiDMn
oIndfia, (dp)eoueiBAe(j%c)i "£EcD3tj CIOI 2.1 CCDD n/a n/a n/a n/a 0II CO o n/a Di0O0z 3.9 n/a d0C0L n/a n/a n/a 3.9 o 1LI^OI o o CLMO TC—O
1sta2tes ('|uo)jseegdiuinuiessj Co0Q<O1.) 00 CCMD o o o o oT0CD T— CCOD o .Q0>_* h- o Cd0O* o o o h- o <C0D CM cTo_ 00
in 0qC0O LCOD
CO CO CO CD CO
6>|/6r1 CO CdO 00 T0—0 T0—0 oT— o 00
carcasses suojjejjojeue6ouueoyo CD CCDO LT-O d.0 d^0 .d0 d0 LoO C0CO0D d0 d0 0CC0DO d0 CCOD 0CC0DO d0 L'TO— CO d0 d0 d qto C’C0’OD0Z,
d o d
ungulate age uBeuuojjjoeujjjeui6e>uojou/6eoroo1 .C2O1oCcIOIl CcI0vMD0i CT1~^D d0 d d0 d0 CCcMMDl 0T0c0“0o d0 d0 0 05C0O d0 coCmiiL" 0CC0OD d TCqCC_MDD ChO- d-5 LqoCVOl d0 d0 TLo_O CC0COM0D
and oS'Tr-^l- CO d CM 00
odsoamemsfptlicesostiyftpee (dp)(e*juoo)ujese|eqBdaAiieu(njE%NyS) CQCCoCIOODDI_ C5T=O— CCCoODO <or” o do do0 C"0c0IDOI CCT"DO CoO do d~\00o0Q>o—_, iCC<MnDD _do0 Co00>IOI» CC<MOD oo OCqCOD CcCCOoOO do0 I<d0OXIZI) do0 o0c CCMM CyICCO—ZMM
death,
liver of CM CM CM CM CM
in 6>t/6rl i00n i0n0 0000 0i0n L00O CLOO 0000 i0n0
type suojjBjjojeue6ouuEoyo cd d tCi—On d0 d d d0 LoO rCi-On CdLMO d TCi—On d0 d0 d0 d0 iCnO d0 CrCM^O d0 ii<nnD «LC“OO
diclofenac gender, o o o
of species, uBeuuojjjoBujjjeuiBe>uo)ou/6eoroof .£(cC qoCnJL d 0C0mM00 d0 d dJ0 d.0 CVD TCr-—M. CCMD d.0 dCZ 0oCi0oMn d0 d0 d0 d^0 00iC00nM d0 o<CcVDDl CCCCOODO c ooT”o dCM
aconcenntradtion by (dp)(e’juoo)ujeseieqBdaAiiau(njB%NdS) CCCoC(IOODIDL ToT—_ TCTioM--n .do0 do0 do0 o0c CC~V0d0JIDoI’ yccco—ooo CcL0OoO0 od0 i1",O000C>=-DL> CTCCCy—MMOM— -do5 Cdo000>O, do od0 do 0cCCTTv0MM——i od0 <»C0I—ID CD do iCiinDnn CCCCiMDMDn
(%)
dp
6>|/6r1 CD CD (D o C(DD CD
CD CD CD CM CD
Prevalence SUOIJBjJoJeUebOuUeOyQ oLO C0CMM0 CoO d0 -d5 dJ0 CM Lr^O. CCMM d d^0 CCMM d oLh-O d0 d CcMo CTiD—n d0 d^0 d0 CM CCCMMO
.c o d o (D
T2ab:le UBeUiOujJoBuJjJeUi6e>uOjoU/6eOroQl QTCCO0i.J-OD) CLCCVDOOL TCo—O oCO d0 .d0 c0 CM LdciOil 0Ch0D- _d0 d0 ^dD 0C0D d0 ccCCC6loDOiL d0 d LO CCCMDM d CodClDil d^0 _c0 CM CD
JC
(dp)eoueiBAa(j%d) ~<CD II CCDO CD O o n/a 50 ii 4.7 o o i000z 3.7 n/a 0II n/a n/a 2.6 OCM n/a 0CI0OI o _d0 1.3 ohi
CCDO 0 o o
(‘juo)jseeqdiiuuneNs CO0QO_ yr—t CLOO cCoM CO o CM C~c0Do 0TC0“M CCMO ,h0Q>-_v CD o C0O o o TL“D OT“ o <0CD LO o LO y—
•0
0
0
0
t0OCDt0Dr Ot0CzD O0O -cQ00nC.o0E0 X0(Of) L00E0L 00 30(0XCJ) "z000 dC00dO) QO<o ooQ QOO2 OQCL ci0 z__ I <>CL O<
J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 105 (2), May-Aug 2008 155
—
)
DICLOFENAC LEVELS IN LIVESTOCKCARCASSES IN INDIA BEFORETHE 2006"BAN
6>j/6rl
suoiiejjotaue6ouueoyo d_0 c0 d0 d d d0 d0 d0 d0 d0 d0 _c0 d0 d0 d0 C0 (C0 d(D d(0 dCO
6>)/6rl
ueeuuojjtoepjiteuuejooueooQ d0 d0 d 0c c0 d0 d_0 0C d0 d-5 d^0 d-03 d0 d0 d 0c d0 d0 d0 d0 0
d
iIndnia, (dp)eoue|BA8(J%d) dCCoOD O o d d_0 d d0 d-~0o5 o o d0 0d000 ^c0 o c0Q>0..? c d0 d0 d0 o d2 O O O O
1sta2tes ('juo)jseeqdiiuuneNs CCQOD. r- LO o o o o 00cz CM CLMO o hC>-l> o LCOM i0f) o o o o LCMO <CCDD
in in
CO
CO ’“I CO LO in in
6>j/6rl LCOO in CiOn CdO CO C7d—O LO
carcasses suoijejjojeus6ouueoyo o0dC>0O TCL—MO TCC—OO d0 d0 d^0 dJ0 dC0D0 CirMn“ CCMM d i*”n d ohC0-D0 d0 d0 ir“n Cc,Oo— d0 o 4,135 18-2,35315-702
o
ungulate(caongtd.e) ueeuuojijobujjjeui6su>o|ou/a6orQql COoCIDIl T0dC_5O CdihcDn-m d0 _d0 ^d0 d0 C(0TCT-l0Dl5lL r0CCMM^0 COCDO d0 ^d0 o^CirMn d0 OoCCCIMOIl d^0 ^d0 CC0TM—D5 LCCT_OOO d2 oi0cV5nl 4,135 423.8 66.6
odomefstic saintde (dp)80U8|BA8(J%d) C\(CJIDOIT_ LLOO CO o o d o CM0ll CCMO CM d0 d000O ri-n d0 0oii _d0 d0 TC—D CCOO d0 r-ii' 12.5 16.7 16.7
samplesotyfpe (*pu)jsaeqduojineNs cOCCnDL CCOD CCMO CO ^r o 0"C0D To CO o 1.0Q>-_> r<jr> o C00 o o TC—D CoO o <aOi) 8 36 18
dilicilovfneenarc odteyaftphe, suoijbjjojsus66>ouju/E6oryol OCoD TchorLt-——O> TCdCii—M—Dn -c5 d d0 d_0 oLoO yCdoCo—MM *CC6CL*MMDO“ C0 rCCi—MDn C0 drT—_ ^c0 -c2 TTdCCi——MDn CoCCoCMOMM d2 o7— 211-2,156 14-2,02017-194
of gender, UB8UUOJIJ0BUJJJ8UL68>U0|OU/68OrQ0l oLcc\IOIjl CCCi-MOD; CCOLMMO d.0 -c5 d-5 d0 CCrcV-OD-l CiCoMnM> ICs-M d^0 ^d0 ViCC"-MO d_0 ocdcioil Jd0 d ToC0-M0 CCCLMMOO d2 0ocV5l 674.5 299.2 54.8
concentration bspecyies, (dp)80U8|BA8(J%d) £7n>T3Oj. ClOl LO LO d0 .d0 0— _d0 LlOl iC7—nD 0C0O d d000 CT—O d0 0ii d d0 CT”M TC~Om 2d O0dI5I 8 16.9 33.3
C0O 0 d CL
(an%d) (*jUo)jSaSqdaliUnBNS cOQ0n- I0s-0 7h7—*— o o O o 0~0co in ooo o 1-Q0_ 7iG—n) o i0>f)s o o T0i—0n cr^o- o <Q0)5 25 77 15
dp
o05 o05 O05
6>|/6r1
T“ 7—
Prevalence SUOIJBjJoJsU860uUBOyQ Crd-D- ioi—n oo> d_0 d^0 d d cLdoO d0 7oi—n d^0 d_0 Tio_n dCCMO d d0 d-2 d0 Toi—n n/a n/a 105-109
T2ab:le UB8UU0JIJ3BUJJJ8U68W>Q0jU/860rQQ1 ooLQlOl. ioT”n 0o5 d Jd0 .d0 d CoCoclDOll d0 roT-— d0 d d oTr—- T,scI“jI-l -d5 d -d2 d0 Tro—- OCCoDD n/a n/a 107
(dp)80U8|BA8(j%y) CNJiiT“ iCnD CoO o d^0 d_0 d_0 CMXllT" o Ch-D d0 0d00 o C0O5 0II d0 d^0 d0 o C0O5 clIlIl 0 0 5.6
('juo)JSeSqdiouinBNS CC(00OO/O5- 0T“0 CCOO CO o o o 0"C00OZ CM OCO o 1,-C0o>L* CO Ti—n i0o>f), o o O CO Ti—n <a0)5 3 15 36
•0
0
0
0
Co0DD o00 O0o C-Q000C.o0E0 X0CO/5 L000EL 00 X0X0(cf) z000 Cd000O) oOQ< ooQ oO^Q CQOL I IM VPA OA
156 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 105 (2), May-Aug 2008
—— —
’
DICLOFENAC LEVELS IN LIVESTOCK CARCASSES IN INDIA BEFORETHE 2006"BAN
00
oCoOfCD cCoO oCCOO °CIs3D-. oc0o0 oCD> CIcs-Oo oCcOo
6>|/6rl fk 03 l— T-T
suojtetjoteuaBouueoyo 'Tf TCC_OO CCOD -03 d0 d -d5 ooCoD CCCOMD d0 d-03 CCCMDO d45 0c3o d45 0in3 d45 CcCMDb d45 oTb— d45 CcIObD CCcDMb
cC\oJ o o
o >
oIndfia, ue(deupt)ouueeoojuutjeueieaB6>ioA|oue(/6ejo%ryg)o1 m(Oca0>) co0IvsQ00jni-3i. oC0rdLD3-O tTCC0CC“3OOOOn do0 d-d03 dd0 dd00 c0CKc0Il3MoIll CCdTC0OM_O0 do0 d^o0 4ddTO0053 *CcCC0fvOOD3ri 4oc5 oCccoC>0mIiMoIil' d44d55 5irbd*n; d4o5 C0oI0s-O33 d4o5 cOoII0sc-mID3I'l' 0CcCM3bO d44d55 CCCDOO C7bCC—MOO O(00=/335’)
1sta2tes ('tuo)jseeqdiiuunBNS CQO0O. i ICDM 1 o o o C"0CDD CcDo CoO H.0Q>_% 03 o C0O o C0M0 CM CD o <003 oIoD o Is- 03 "<a05J))
in .cr0.) *0-
carcasses suojtetjotau6e6>ou|u/e6oryol TO- ’CLCTM\“OD’J oTi0—n0 Jd0 -d5 d0 d0 LoO o^oTri*r—bb. CCL-OTMO'D— d CLC0iM—OD0 CT_O 1oo— d45 d45 C•CL0oM0DO- C0CCC3MOMO c^TI—o. C’CLbCTjMODO- ciT.o— yrobo—-b 00Co03Mb C9E00D-30oc
o o o c 0
soduoanmmgesfuptlliaectse(osatcaionynftgtpded.ee) ue(deupi)ouie(t‘otoueou)ujtejsteieeuiBq6ed>uAuou)eo(uj/iBje%onBry)ooNS1 CD.oV(a<lLc—O>0 IC0C0000OQCVIO0D3kIL. CCCCCC0C\ODMDO3Oj Ti0hCTL-"-n3DO’ dCo0M dod0 d-do5 dod00 C"0iIsCc00Vi1DO3bz1i*L CoCCCrLMMfOOO CCCccooCMoMOOo dd44o50 1~i4d00Co0-fo5l C1ocoo0iM^q0n C0CCvM3DJ Cbcbr0Qc0>vlOo_l_l>CM do4d05 do44d55 TdoC00dOC_oO33D cccC7Ir<is-7ob“qOn-»3 CC0CMMD3 <CodoCcT0c0VIMOb—Il3 CibcICcrs--MnqMo CCCC0',MMMM3_ ICCCics-MODno CCrCoCL-DD-DOD’ T-2~000o°00Oc0|DOQ3)i'^jJ+<oV0C0CO8£jzS2))DO=_
OCM 1 2=
dilicilovfneenarc odteyaftph,e suojtBtJoteue66>ou|u/B6oryo1 CoO 00OLr33-O TcCCcMoOo" cLoO d d0 d0 0Co3O b0CrTl0M‘ CyTCChCO——M*OO d0 ciCCcMOob4d5 oLCo-OM 4d5 4d5 TcTcc1C—“ob^Mb4c5 4d5 o cICCcs-MbOb ocqT-Tb——, LoC0MD0 TrbCC—fOM pIv>8> O2®
of gender, uBeuiouiioBuJtteuu6e>jo)ou/Beorool -'*c0c2-aC/»>*T od 0rc-3o ICCTOO) cLoO d^0 d0 d0 dhiQl-bl. o0T0— 0C03O3 d0 d45 icIisnbn- d45 dCcbciDoil d45 d45 cirLbn-O d45 d45 CCoCVMOl i-C0Isr-D3n" cC00m33O' Cc0Mb0 073— 5o000)-‘Q>>0C. O<op
(aconcenn%tradti)on bspeciyes, (dp)(e'touo)uejsieeBqdAuue(jjj%nBy)NS CC °CQ00o0IOIk_ T00L-T”03O_ TrCcc>—Moo- o -oc5 O o C~c00iDoi T0bT0“_30 TCC1C—M^OO o iI.T000QO>f-O_> CTThoy——f—O 4do5 C0o>0lOl d4o5 4do5 CCO70MO—3 oT_ d4o5 <d00xII3e CoLOD ICrs-M^ yLCr0-M-D3i CC0ciMO3mn d-O0Osc00C)^£008oEo_ "80Oc0Q3;l.QOCC®EO-)
dPrevalencep suojtBtJoteu6eB>outu/eBoryol 0ICd0DO coCCvoDj cC0oO3 d0 d0 d0 C0rO3- CoM 0y(C70—O3 C0hO3- d0 Ccr0o-3O 4d5 C0oM3 4d5 4d5 Cb70c1-—O3o^ C0cCCMM3oD 4d5 CO 4d5 4d5 b°c7r0-oo—-3 0oCCC3pOOD .O0<P5<D2a-_JOc0>D0,JSOE00030= >£>>0.3o0-'-
03 0
T2ab:le UB(d6UpL)OUIelOoBUuJtetBiUUB6e>JAOtOe(U/6ej%OryQ)Ql dnCDL CcLoccO0\\IIOIIilfw 0Il7Ls-3_OO r1ToI^——D; dd00 ^dd^00 dd00 c0oLNo3-O CrCdCil-ODill ooCCDO C00b1O33^ dd00 d4dT005O 'CC7Cbd—MMO d4c05 °Oooooc0iIn)Ilk 4dd455 d4d455 cybrL—o-O 70cCc-M3qb d4d455 C0CcdqQvmnl3Olj.' 4od5 4od5 CCdCcbCMMDqD cC0LM0bD 2JQcd<2O)a i<o0a5C=A33 l00l30
0 0 O
('tuo)jseeqduijunsNs CCO0OL Civj LCOO o o o CM C“0CDD L0O3 Is- o K0Q>., ICs-D o Cf0zOL o o CyD— ID o <003 CD 03 C"3O’ CrM- *0£- 0c0
SCf3O0cO: Ot00z Oo0 jCC00COLO00E I<0C5O L000EJ_ 00 "3c000XO z003 ~Cd00003oO3 OoO< OOO OQO OQQ- CIO z 1 <C>L o< ZSO2CD O0EO0I 0a00a00>)3>.-<£^00E9
J. Bombay Nat Hist. Soc., 105 (2), May-Aug 2008 157