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Diamond and Carbon Composites and Nanocomposites Edited by Mahmood Aliofkhazraei Diamond and Carbon Composites and Nanocomposites Edited by Mahmood Aliofkhazraei Published by ExLi4EvA Copyright © 2016 All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Technical Editor AvE4EvA MuViMix Records Cover Designer First published June 30, 2016 ISBN-10: 953-51-2454-4 ISBN-13: 978-953-51-2454-2 Print ISBN-10: 953-51-2453-6 ISBN-13: 978-953-51-2453-5 C ontents Preface Chapter 1 Hardness of Thin Films and the Influential Factors by İshak Afşin Kariper Chapter 2 Graphene-Based Composites and Hybrids for Water Purification Applications by Rahul Sharma and Parveen Saini Chapter 3 The Application of Nanodiamond in Biotechnology and Tissue Engineering by Lucie Bacakova, Antonin Broz, Jana Liskova, Lubica Stankova, Stepan Potocky and Alexander Kromka Chapter 4 Laser-Assisted Machining of Difficult to Cut Materials by Damian Przestacki Chapter 5 DLC Thin Films and Carbon Nanocomposite Growth by Thermionic Vacuum Arc (TVA) Technology by Rodica Vladoiu, Corneliu Porosnicu, Aurelia Mandes, Ionut Jepu, Virginia Dinca, Aurelian Marcu, Mihail Lungu, Gabriel Prodan and Liga Avotina Chapter 6 Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-Reinforced Metal Matrix Bulk Composites: Manufacturing and Evaluation by Sebastian Suárez, Leander Reinert and Frank Mücklich Preface During the past few years, scientists have achieved significant successes in nanoscience and technology. Nanotechnology is a branch of science that deals with fine structures and materials with very small dimensions - less than 100 nm. The composite science and technology have also benefits from nanotechnology. This book collects new developments about diamond and carbon composites and nanocomposites and their use in manufacturing technology. Chapter 1 Hardness of Thin Films and the Influential Factors İshak Afşin Kariper Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63302 Abstract Hardness is one of the most significant mechanical characteristics of a material. Hard materials are known for their durability. Currently, diamond is the hardest substance known in the world. Researchers have substantially worked on the production of this expensive material. Coating this material as a thin film was also the topic of a separate research. At the same time, hardness measurement, including the measurement of the hardness of a thin film was a topic of research as well. In this section, we will examine what researchers are doing for the measurement of the hardness, especially for bulk materials. Keywords: Nanohardness, thin films, hardness, influential factors, diamond 1. Introduction Hard materials are very useful for the industry and technology researches. SmCo5 and Nd2Fe14B can be used to produce televisions, video‐recording devices, and speakers, with their magnetic‐ hard properties. Even consumers need and demand hard materials because they are long‐ lasting. Hard materials are highly effective when they are used to cover a surface. They are also used as diffusion barriers in electronic industry, as they preserve their chemical stability under high temperature and prevent the diffusion of foreign atoms. This allows electronic materials to be more durable than in the past (Mechanical corrosion is another important problem). Especially in mechanical industry, these materials (hard thin films) are very useful to prevent substances’ mechanical corrosion. Based on the aforementioned reasons, nowadays, hard thin films have a significant place in coating. In the abstract, we have underlined that hardness is one of the most important mechanical characteristics of a material. You can get insights about other characteristics of the material by 2 Diamond and Carbon Composites and Nanocomposites measuring its hardness. Hardness is an indicator of the material's resistance against scratching, cutting, abrasion, and puncture. Table lists the hardness of some materials in terms of absolute hardness (Table 1). Mineral Absolute hardness Talk: MgSiO (OH) 1 3 4 10 2 Gypsum: CaSO.2HO 2 4 2 Calcite: CaCO 9 3 Fluorite: CaF 21 2 Quartz: SiO 100 2 Topaz: AlSiO(OH,F) 200 2 4 2 Ruby or Sapphire: Cr–AlO 400 2 3 Diamond: C 1500 Table 1. Absolute hardness of some materials. Nanoscale, that is, a few hundred nanometers in size, materials are called nanomaterials. Thanks to nanomaterials, the technology has made great progress. The properties of a mate‐ rial in nanoscale are very different than the ones in the bulk form, which created great ad‐ vantages for the technology. Especially, coating these materials to the surface as a thin film has added new properties to the base material. However, there is very little information in the literature on the mechanical properties of thin films [1]. After coating process, the coated material can gain electrical, optical, corrosive, and cracking resistance, depending on the thickness of the film. A material with such properties will be very handy in space research, astronomy, automobile industry, and in many other areas of engineering. For example, imagine that you can cover any surface with a heat‐resistant ma‐ terial. This can be used in a wide range of area, from space engineering to the clothing of firefighters. On the other hand, if we could cover the surface of a material with diamond, we could make many materials harder and at the same time more robust [2]. When you produce such materials, another problem that you will be faced will be how to measure the hardness of the material when it is coated with such a thin film. In the litera‐ ture, the hardness of thin films is generally measured by the indentation method [3], even though it has some limitations. The hardness of the substrate also affects the measurement, for example, while measuring, the hardness of soft thin films or a soft substrate may affect the hardness of the final product even though the coating that you have produced is very hard. Thus, the type of coating and the substrate is crucial. Researchers are currently working on the measurement of the hardness of the thin films. All of them apply 10% rule in their studies. Accordingly, when a hollow‐shaped hole is made on the surface of the film, the depth of this hole should be less than 10% of the film thick‐