Dialect Atlas of North Yemen and Adjacent Areas

501 Pages·2016·31.48 MB·English

by  Peter Behnstedt

Dialect Atlas of North Yemen and Adjacent Areas
Handbook of Oriental Studies
Handbuch der Orientalistik
section one
The Near and Middle East
Edited by
Maribel Fierro (Madrid)
M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (Princeton)
Renata Holod (University of Pennsylvania)
Florian Schwarz (Vienna)
Kees Versteegh (Nijmegen)
VOLUME 114
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ho1
Dialect Atlas of North Yemen
and Adjacent Areas
By
Peter Behnstedt
Translated by
Gwendolin Goldbloom
LEIDEN | BOSTON
Cover illustration: Map “Verb I: imperfect 2nd pl. f., 3rd pl. f.”. Map by author.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Behnstedt, P., author.
Title: Dialect atlas of north Yemen and adjacent areas / by Peter Behnstedt.
Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2016. | Series: Handbuch der
Orientalistik. section 1, The Near and Middle East ; v. 114 | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016031143 (print) | LCCN 2016032231 (ebook) | ISBN
9789004325692 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9789004326422 (E-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Arabic language—Dialects—Yemen, North. | Arabic
language—Dialects—Yemen (Republic)
Classification: LCC PJ6871 .B37 2016 (print) | LCC PJ6871 (ebook) | DDC
492.7/7095332—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016031143
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.
issn 0169-9423
isbn 978-90-04-32569-2 (hardback)
isbn 978-90-04-32642-2 (e-book)
Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and
Hotei Publishing.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without prior written permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided
that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive,
Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change.
This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.
Contents
Preface and Introduction xi
Legend of Places xiii
Abbreviations and Special Characters xvi
Maps and Commentaries
Phonology and Phonetics
001 Qāf 4
002 Ğīm 6
003 ʿAyn 8
004 Ġayn 10
005 *ṯ in ‘two (fem.)’ 12
006 Ṣād 14
007 Reflexes of *ḍ and *ḏ̣ 16
008 Kāf 20
009 Lām 22
010 ṭ → ḍ in pre- and intervocalic position 24
011 Desonorisation of geminates 26
012 Anaptyctic vowel in -CR 28
013 *ʾvCR > CvR 30
014 Lowering of ī and ū in the environment of back consonants 32
015 *ū > ō, aw in ‘market’ 34
016 Reflexes of *ay and *aw 36
017 Elision of i and u in unstressed open syllable after -v̄C 38
018 Elision of i in unstressed open syllable after -vC 40
019 -ā in pause 42
020 Feminine ending -a in pause: ‘bed’ 44
021 Feminine ending ‘3–10’, bahmah, ǧumʿah 46
022 Feminine ending of adjective: CaCiC 48
023 Feminine noun: definite and construct state 50
024 Lowering and lengthening of -iC and -uC in pause 52
025 Pausal nasalisation 54
026 Pausal glottalisation of -v̄C 58
027 Accent in CvCvCv(C) 60
Morphology
028 Tanwīn 64
029 Noun: CaCaCah with pronominal suffixes 68
030 Noun: CāCah with pronominal suffixes 70
031 The definite article 72
032 The relative pronoun 74
033 The adjective: reflexes of CaCiC(-un) 76
034 Adjective/participle: gender sg. 78
035 Plurals of ṭarīg ‘way’ 80
036 Plurals of šarīṭ ‘tape’ 82
037 Plurals of ʿamm ‘uncle’ 84
vi contents
Pronouns
038 Feminine plurals of verbs and pronouns 88
039 Personal pronouns: 1st sg. 90
040 Personal pronouns: 2nd sg. m. 92
041 Personal pronouns: 2nd sg. f. 94
042 Personal pronouns: 3rd sg. m., 3rd sg. f. 96
043 Personal pronouns: 1st pl. 98
044 Personal pronouns: 2nd pl. m. 100
045 Personal pronouns: 2nd pl. f. 102
046 Personal pronouns: 3rd pl. m.+f. 104
047 Suffix pronouns: 1st sg.+pl. 106
048 Suffix pronouns: 1st sg. c. ‘my father’, ‘my brother’ 108
049 Suffix pronouns: 1st sg. ‘behind me’ 110
050 Suffix pronouns: 2nd sg. m. 112
051 Suffix pronouns: 2nd sg. f. 114
052 Suffix pronouns: 2nd sg. f. ‘your father’, ‘your brother’ 116
053 Suffix pronouns: 2nd sg. f. ‘behind you’, ‘your father’ 118
054 Suffix pronouns: 3rd sg. m. after -C, (-v) 120
055 Suffix pronouns: 3rd sg. f. after -C 122
056 Suffix pronouns: 1st pl. c. with noun 124
057a Suffix pronouns: 2nd, 3rd pl. m.+f. 126
057b Suffix pronouns: 2nd, 3rd pl. m.+f. 127
058 Suffix pronouns: 1st pl. c., 2nd pl. m.+f., 3rd pl. m.+f. after -vCC 130
059 Suffix pronouns: 1st pl. c. after -vCC 132
060 Suffix pronouns: 3rd sg. f. after -vCC 133
061 Suffix pronouns: 2nd pl. m., 3rd pl. m. after -vCC 134
062 Suffix pronouns: 3rd sg. f. after -v̄C 136
063 Suffix pronouns: 1st pl. after -v̄C 138
064 Suffix pronouns: 2nd pl. m., 3rd pl. m. after -v̄C 140
Demonstrative Pronouns and Adverbs
065a Demonstrative pronouns: proximal sg. m.+f. 144
065b Demonstrative pronouns: proximal sg. m.+f. 145
066a Demonstrative pronouns: proximal pl. m.+f. 148
066b Demonstrative pronouns: proximal pl. m.+f. 149
067a Demonstrative pronouns: distal sg. m.+f. 152
067b Demonstrative pronouns: distal sg. m.+f. 153
068a Demonstrative pronouns: distal pl. m.+f. 156
068b Demonstrative pronouns: distal pl. m.+f. 157
069 ‘now’ 160
070 ‘here’ 162
071 ‘there’ 164
Interrogatives
072 ‘what? (object)’ 168
073a ‘what? (subject, m.+f.)’ 170
073b ‘what? (subject, m.+f.)’ 171
contents vii
074a ‘why?’ 174
074b ‘why?’ 175
075 ‘where?’ 178
076 ‘from where?’ 180
077 ‘whereto?’ 182
078 ‘when?’ 184
079 ‘who?’ 186
Verbs
080 Verb I: i-type and i-type verbs final y 190
081 Verb I: perfect 1st sg. c., 2nd sg. m. 192
082 Verb I: perfect 2nd sg. f. 196
083 Verb I: a-type perfect 3rd sg. f 198
084 Verb I: a- and i-type perfect 3rd sg. f. 200
085 Verbs: perfect 3rd sg. f. (except geminate verbs) 202
086 Geminate verbs: perfect 3rd sg. f. 204
087 Verb I: perfect 3rd sg. f. + -v(C) 206
088 Verb I: perfect 1st pl. c. + suffix pronoun 210
089 Verb I: perfect 2nd pl. m. 212
090 Verb I: perfect 2nd pl. f. 214
091 Verb: perfect 3rd pl. m. 216
092 Verb I: perfect 3rd pl. f. 220
093 Verb I imperfect: prefixes 222
094 Verb I: imperfect 2nd sg. f., 2nd pl. m. (c.), 3rd pl. m. (c.) 226
095 Verb I: imperfect 2nd pl. f., 3rd pl. f. 228
096 Verbal prefixes: present 230
097 Verbal prefixes: future 234
098 Verb derived themes: V, VI prefixes 236
099 Verb derived themes: VIII 240
100 Hamzated verbs: ‘to eat’ perfect 242
101 Hamzated verbs: ‘to eat’ imperfect 244
102 Hamzated verbs: ‘to eat’ imperative 246
103 Verbs initial w: ‘to arrive’ imperfect 248
104 Verbs initial w: other examples, imperfect 250
105 Geminate verbs 252
106a Hollow verbs: perfect 1st, 2nd sg. m.+f. 256
106b Hollow verbs: perfect 1st, 2nd sg. m.+f. 257
107 Hollow verbs: active participle 260
108 Hollow verbs: imperative 262
109 Hollow verbs: imperfect 264
110 Verbs final y: a- and i-type perfect 268
111a Verbs final y: a-type 1st, 2nd sg. perfect 272
111b Verbs final y: a-type 1st, 2nd sg. perfect 273
112a Verbs final y: a- and i-type 3rd sg. f. perfect 276
112b Verbs final y: a- and i-type 3rd sg. f. perfect 277
113 Verbs final y: i-type 3rd sg. f. perfect ending 280
114a Verbs final y: a- and i-type 3rd pl. m. perfect 282
114b Verbs final y: a- and i-type 3rd pl. m. perfect 283
115 Verbs final y: a- and i-type 3rd pl. m. perfect, synopsis 286
viii contents
116 Verbs final y: a- and i-type 3rd pl. f. perfect 288
117 Verbs final y: II and V 290
118 Verbs final y: a- and i-type imperfect 294
119 Verbs final y: a-type 2nd sg. f., 2nd pl. m. imperfect 296
120 Verbs final y: i-type 2nd sg. m., 2nd sg. f., 2nd pl. m. (c.) imperfect 298
121a Verbs final y: a- and i-type 3rd pl. f. imperfect 300
121b Verbs final y: a- and i-type 3rd pl. f. imperfect 301
122 Verb ‘to come’ 304
123 Verb ‘to come’: 1st sg. perfect 306
124 Verb ‘to come’: 2nd sg. m. perfect 308
125 Verb ‘to come’: 3rd sg. f. perfect 310
126a Verb ‘to come’: 3rd pl. m.+f. perfect 312
126b Verb ‘to come’: 3rd pl. m.+f. perfect 313
127 Verb ‘to come’: 3rd sg. m. imperfect 316
128 Verb ‘to come’: 2nd sg. f., 2nd pl. m. (c.) imperfect 318
129a Verb ‘to come’: 3rd pl. m.+f. imperfect 320
129b Verb ‘to come’: 3rd pl. m.+f. imperfect 321
130a Verb ‘to come’: imperative sg. m.+f. 324
130b Verb ‘to come’: imperative sg. m.+f. 325
131a Verb ‘to come’: imperative pl. m.+f. 328
131b Verb ‘to come’: imperative pl. m.+f. 329
132 Verb ‘to come’: participle sg. m.+f. 332
Lexicon
Particles, Adverbs
133 ‘yes!’ 336
134 ‘no!’ 340
135 ‘much’ 342
136 ‘there is’ 346
137 ‘there isn’t’ 347
138 ‘right’ 350
139 ‘left’ 352
140 ‘yesterday’ 354
141 ‘last night’ 356
142 ‘tomorrow’ 358
General Nouns
143 ‘sun’ 360
144 ‘moon’ 362
145 ‘water’ 364
146 ‘money’ 366
147 ‘small shop’ 368
148 ‘Tihāmah couch’ 370
141 ‘breast’ 372
150 ‘mouth’ 374
151 ‘lip’ 376
152 ‘nose’ 378
contents ix
153 ‘ear’ 380
154 ‘hand’ 382
Verbs
155 ‘to drink water’ 384
156 ‘to give’ 386
157 ‘to take (away)’ 390
158 ‘to make, to do’ 392
159a ‘to see’ 396
159b ‘to see’ 397
160 ‘to see’: reflexes of raʾā, ʾarā 1st sg. perfect 400
161a ‘look!’ 404
161b ‘look!’ 405
162 ‘to go to’ (in the morning / early afternoon / evening) 408
163 ‘to go to (in general)’ 410
164 ‘to go to (in the morning, any time)’ 412
165 ‘to go to (various)’ 414
166 ‘to work’ 416
167 ‘to want (to)’ 418
Animals
168a ‘frog’ 422
168b ‘frog’ 423
169 ‘sheep’ 426
170a ‘lamb, male’ 428
170b ‘lamb, male’ 429
171a ‘lamb, female’ 432
171b ‘lamb, female’ 433
172 ‘ewe’ 436
173 ‘ram’ 438
174 ‘goats’ 440
175 ‘kid, female’ 442
176 ‘kid, male’ 444
177 ‘goat’ 446
178 ‘billy-goat’ 448
179 ‘calf, male’ 450
180 ‘calf, female’ 452
181 ‘cow’ 454
182 ‘donkey foal (m.+f.)’ 456
183 ‘donkey’ 458
184 ‘jenny’ 460
Agriculture
185 ‘plough’ 462
186 ‘plough tail’ 466
187 ‘plough sole’ 468
188 ‘ploughshare’ 470