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Diagrammatic Representation and Inference: 8th International Conference, Diagrams 2014, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, July 28 – August 1, 2014. Proceedings PDF

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Tim Dwyer Helen Purchase Aidan Delaney (Eds.) Diagrammatic 8 Representation and 7 5 8 AI Inference N L 8th International Conference, Diagrams 2014 Melbourne, VIC, Australia, July 28 – August 1, 2014 Proceedings 123 Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 8578 Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNAISeriesEditors RandyGoebel UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Canada YuzuruTanaka HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Japan WolfgangWahlster DFKIandSaarlandUniversity,Saarbrücken,Germany LNAIFoundingSeriesEditor JoergSiekmann DFKIandSaarlandUniversity,Saarbrücken,Germany Tim Dwyer Helen Purchase Aidan Delaney (Eds.) Diagrammatic Representation and Inference 8th International Conference, Diagrams 2014 Melbourne,VIC,Australia,July28–August1,2014 Proceedings 1 3 VolumeEditors TimDwyer MonashUniversity POBox197,CaulfieldEast,VIC3145,Australia E-mail:[email protected] HelenPurchase UniversityofGlasgow UniversityAvenue,Glasgow,G128QQ,UK E-mail:[email protected] AidanDelaney UniversityofBrighton LewesRoad,Brighton,BN24GJ,UK E-mail:[email protected] ISSN0302-9743 e-ISSN1611-3349 ISBN978-3-662-44042-1 e-ISBN978-3-662-44043-8 DOI10.1007/978-3-662-44043-8 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014942442 LNCSSublibrary:SL7–ArtificialIntelligence ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection withreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredand executedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthePublisher’slocation, inistcurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Permissionsforuse maybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violationsareliabletoprosecution undertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication, neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsor omissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothe materialcontainedherein. Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface The 8th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams (Diagrams 2014) was held in Melbourne, Australia, during July and August 2014.For the second time, Diagrams was co-locatedwith the IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing. Prior to Diagrams 2014, the Diagrams 2008 co-location with the VL/HCC produced lively interaction between the delegates of both conferences. At the 2014 conference we again found that co-location stimulated inter-community debate. Contributers to Diagrams 2014 continued to interpret the meaning of “dia- gram”broadly,asbefitsanintentionallyinterdisciplinaryconference.Thisledto the wide spectrum of papers found in this proceedings volume, covering the ar- easofdiagramnotations,diagramlayout,diagramtools,diagramsineducation, empirical studies of diagrams, and diagrammatic logic. Submissions to Diagrams 2014 were soclicited under the categories of full papers, short papers, and posters. The peer-review process entailed each paper being reviewed by three members of the Program Committee or a nominated sub-reviewer.For the firsttime inthis conference series,authors wereinvited to commentonthereviewers’feedbackinarebuttalphase.Boththeoriginalreview and the author rebuttal were considered when making acceptance decisions. The process of selecting high-quality papers for the conference and for this proceedings volume would have been impossible without the commitment and efforts of the 39 members of the Program Committee and the eight additional reviewers—we aregratefulto them. Atotalof40submissionswerereceived,of which 15 were accepted as full papers. A further nine papers were presented at the conference as short papers, together with six posters. In addition to the research program, Diagrams 2014 included a graduate symposiumandtwotutorialsessions.The two invitedtalkswerekeynote events shared between Diagrams and VL/HCC, and reflected the Oceaniac location of the conference — we are greatful to our invited speakers Peter Eades of the University of Sydney and Kim Marriot of Monash University. We acknowledge and appreciate the considerable assistance of the adminis- tration team at Monash University for their help in organizing Diagrams 2014. We thank the MonashImmersive Analytics project who havecontributed spon- sorship,furthermorethegraduatesymposiumranwiththecontinuedsupportof the US NSF to whom we are also thankful. Finally, we are immensely grateful to John Grundy for all ofhis help in bringingDiagrams andVL/HCC together. April 2014 Tim Dwyer Helen C. Purchase Aidan Delaney Organization Executive Commitee General Chair Tim Dwyer Monash University, Australia Program Chairs Aidan Delaney University of Brighton, UK Helen C. Purchase University of Glasgow, UK Workshops Chair Karsten Klein University of Sydney, Australia Tutorials Chair Michael Wybrow Monash University, Australia Graduate Symposium Chair Stephanie Schwartz Millersville University, USA Treasurer Cagatay Goncu Monash University, Australia Publicity Chair Jim Burton University of Brighton, UK Program Committee Gerard Allwein US Navy Research Lab, USA Dave Barker-Plummer Stanford University, USA Lisa Best University of New Brunswick, Canada Alan Blackwell Cambridge University, UK Paolo Bottoni University of Rome, Italy Sandra Carberry University of Delaware, USA B. Chandrasekaran Ohio State University, USA Peter Cheng University of Sussex, UK Lopamudra Choudhury Jadavpur University, India James Corter Columbia University, USA Phil Cox Dalhousie University, Canada VIII Organization Richard Cox Monash University, Australia Frithjof Dau SAP Jim Davies Carleton University, Canada Stephanie Elzer-Schwartz Millersville University, USA Jacques Fleuriot University of Edinburgh, UK Jean Flower Autodesk Ashok Goel Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Mary Hegarty University of California, Santa Barbara, USA John Howse University of Brighton, UK Mateja Jamnik University of Cambridge, UK John Lee University of Edinburgh, UK Emmanuel Manalo Waseda University, Japan Kim Marriott Monash University, Australia Nathaniel Miller University of Northern Colorado, USA Mark Minas Universita¨t der Bundeswehr Mu¨nchen, Germany Ian Oliver HERE.com Luis Pineda-Cortes Universidad Nacional Aut´onoma de M´exico, Mexico Beryl Plimmer University of Auckland, New Zealand Peter Rodgers University of Kent, UK Frank Ruskey University of Victoria, Canada Atsushi Shimojima Doshisha University, Japan Sun-Joo Shin Yale University, USA Gem Stapleton University of Brighton, UK Nik Swoboda Universidad Polit´ecnica de Madrid, Spain Ryo Takemura Nihon University, Japan Barbara Tversky Columbia and Stanford, USA Yuri Uesaka The University of Tokyo, Japan Michael Wybrow Monash University, Australia Additional Reviewers Andrew Blake Sonja Maier Jim Burton Petros Papapanagiotou Peter Chapman Sahand Saba Veronika Irvine John Taylor Keynote Talks (Abstracts) What Is a Good Diagram? (Revisited) Peter Eades School of Information Technologies, University of Sydney [email protected] Graphshavebeen broadlyusedto model binaryrelationssince the beginning of Computer Science. Nodes represent entities, and edges represent relationships between entities. Such models become more useful when the graph model is represented as a diagram, because visualization of a graph enables humans to understand the underlying model. Aqualitymetricassignsanumberq(D)toeachdiagramD suchthatq(D)is larger than q(D(cid:2)) when D is a higher quality diagram than D(cid:2). Quality metrics for graph visualization have been discussed since the 1970s. Sugiyama et al. [6] wrote lists of quality metrics and his subsequent book [5] contains an extensive discussion. The seminal paper What is a good diagram? by Batini et al.[1] pre- sented guidelines for database diagrams. These early works were entirely based on intuition and introspection; later Purchase et al. [4] began the scientific in- vestigation of quality metrics with a series of experiments that validated some of the metrics. Of course, the quality of a diagramis “a hopeless matter to define formally” [1]: quality depends on specific users, specific tasks, and rather informal and subjective notions of aesthetics. Nevertheless, formal quality metrics are helpful if not essential in the design of automatic graphvisualization methods, because suchmethodsareoptimisationalgorithmswithqualitymetricsasobjectivefunc- tions. As an example, it is well established that edge crossings in a diagram inhibit human understanding, and edge crossings form the basis of so-called “planarity-based”quality metrics. Methods that reduce the edge crossings have received considerable attention in the literature (see, for example, [2]). In this talk we review the history of quality metrics for graph visualization, and suggest a new approach. The new approachis motivated by twoobservations:(1)the size ofdata sets is much larger now than ever before, and it is not clear that established quality metrics are still relevant, and (2) there is a disparity between methods used in practice and methods used in academic research. Using a pipeline model of graph visualization, we classify quality metrics into “readability” metrics and “faithfulness” metrics. Readability metrics mea- sure how well the human user perceives the diagram; these metrics have been extensivelyinvestigatedandtheyare(atleastpartially)understood.Faithfulness metrics(see [3])measurehowwellthediagramrepresentsthedata;thesemetrics are not well developed and they are poorly understood. We argue that faithfulness metrics become more relevant as the data size increases, and suggest that the commercial dominance of stress-based methods XII P. Eades over of planarity-based methods is somewhat due performance on faithfulness metrics. We introduce some specific faithfulness metrics aimed at large graphs. In particular,wesuggestthatmetricsbasedonproximitygraphs(see[7])mayplay a key role. Much of this talk is basedon joint workand discussions with KarstenKlein, SeokHee Hong, and Quan Nguyen, among others. References 1. Batini,C.,Furlani,L.,Nardelli,E.:Whatisagooddiagram?apragmaticapproach. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Entity-Relationship Approach, pp. 312–319. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (1985), http: //dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=647510.726382 2. Ju¨nger,M.,Mutzel,P.:Maximumplanarsubgraphsandniceembeddings:Practical layout tools. Alogrithmica 16, 33–59 (1996) 3. Nguyen, Q.H., Eades, P., Hong, S.H.: On the faithfulness of graph visualizations. In:2013IEEEPacificVisualizationSymposium(PacificVis),pp.209–216(February 2013) 4. Purchase, H.C., Cohen, R.F., James, M.: Validating graph drawing aesthetics. In: Brandenburg, F.J. (ed.) GD 1995. LNCS, vol. 1027, pp. 435–446. Springer, Heidelberg (1996), http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BFb0021827 5. Sugiyama, K.: Graph drawing and applications for software and knowledge engi- neers. World Scientific(2002); Japanese language version 1993 6. Sugiyama,K.,Tagawa,S.,Toda,M.:Methodsforvisualunderstandingofhierarchi- cal system structures.IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man and Cybernetics 11(2), 109–125 (1981) 7. Toussaint,G.T.:Agraph-theoreticalprimalsketch.In:ComputationalMorphology, pp.229–260. North-Holland (1988)

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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams, Diagrams 2014, held in Melbourne, VIC, Australia in July/August 2014. The 15 revised full papers and 9 short papers presented together with 6 posters were carefully reviewed
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