Diagnostic Ultrasound PDF
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Diagnostic Ultrasound Physics and Equipment Second Edition Diagnostic Ultrasound Physics and Equipment Second edition Edited by Peter Hoskins BA, MSc, PhD, DSc, FIPEM, FInstP Reader in Medical Physics Edinburgh University Edinburgh, UK Kevin Martin BSc, PhD, FIPEM Retired Consultant Medical Physicist Leicester, UK Abigail Thrush BSc, MSc, MIPEM Principal Medical Physicist Barts and the London NHS Trust London, UK cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press Th e Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521757102 © Cambridge University Press 2010 Th is publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First edition published by Greenwich Medical Media Limited 2003 Th is edition published by Cambridge University Press 2010 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalogung in Publication data Diagnostic ultrasound : physics and equipment / [edited by] Peter Hoskins, Kevin Martin, Abigail Th rush. – 2nd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-521-75710-2 (pbk.) 1. Diagnostic ultrasonic imaging. I. Hoskins, Peter. II. Martin, Kevin, 1948– III. Th rush, Abigail. IV. Title. [DNLM: 1. Ultrasonography–methods. 2. Physical Phenomena. 3. Ultrasonography–instrumentation. WN 208 D5367 2010] RC78.7.U4D516 2010 616.07′543–dc22 2010016391 ISBN 978-0-521-75710-2 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Every eff ort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every eff ort has been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. Th e authors, editors and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use. Contents List of Contributors v ii Preface to the second edition i x Preface to the fi rst edition xi 1 Introduction to B-mode imaging 1 11 Quality assurance 142 Kevin Martin T ony Evans and Peter Hoskins 2 Physics 4 12 Safety of diagnostic ultrasound 155 Kevin Martin and Kumar Ramnarine F rancis Duck and Adam Shaw 3 Transducers and beam-forming 23 13 3D ultrasound 171 T ony Whittingham and Kevin Martin P eter Hoskins and Tom MacGillivray 4 B-mode instrumentation 47 14 Contrast agents 181 Kevin Martin C armel Moran and Mairéad Butler 5 Properties, limitations and artefacts of 15 Elastography 196 B-mode images 64 Peter Hoskins Kevin Martin Appendices 6 B-mode measurements 75 A Th e decibel (dB) 215 Nick Dudley B Th e binary system 2 16 7 Principles of Doppler ultrasound 84 C Th e British Medical Ultrasound Society. Peter Hoskins Guidelines for the safe use of diagnostic ultrasound equipment 2 17 8 Blood fl ow 96 D Useful contacts 2 26 Abigail Th rush E Acoustic output parameters and their 9 Spectral Doppler ultrasound 105 measurement 2 27 Abigail Th rush Glossary of terms 230 Index 254 10 Colour fl ow and tissue imaging 121 P eter Hoskins and Aline Criton vv Contributors Mairéad Butler MPhys, PhD, MInstP Kevin Martin BSc, PhD, FIPEM Research Assistant in Medical Physics Retired Consultant Medical Physicist University of Edinburgh, UK Leicester, UK Aline Criton PhD Carmel Moran BSc, MSc, PhD, FIPEM Ultrasound Director Reader in Medical Physics SuperSonic Imagine, France University of Edinburgh, UK Francis Duck PhD, DSc, FIPEM, MBE Kumar Ramnarine BSc, MSc, PhD, CSci, MIPEM Consultant Medical Physicist Principal Medical Physicist Royal United Hospital Bath and University Hospitals of Leicester Bath University, UK NHS Trust, UK Nick Dudley BSc, MSc, PhD, FIPEM Adam Shaw BA, MA(Cantab) Consultant Medical Physicist Senior Research Scientist United Lincolnshire Hospitals, UK National Physical Laboratory, Middlesex, UK Tony Evans BSc, MSc, PhD, CEng Senior Lecturer in Medical Physics Abigail Thrush BSc, MSc, MIPEM University of Leeds, UK Principal Medical Physicist Barts and the London NHS Trust, UK Peter Hoskins BA, MSc, PhD, DSc, FIPEM, FInstP Reader in Medical Physics Tony Whittingham BSc, MSc, PhD, FInstP, CPhys, FIPEM University of Edinburgh, UK Retired Consultant Medical Physicist Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK Tom MacGillivray BSc, MSc, PhD Research Fellow in image processing University of Edinburgh, UK vviiii Preface to the second edition Th e aims and intended audience of this second edi- and are used in a suffi cient number of hospitals to jus- tion remain unchanged from the fi rst edition. Th e aim tify inclusion in this book. Th ere are additional chap- is to provide the underpinning knowledge of physics ters dedicated to 3D ultrasound, contrast agents and and instrumentation needed in order to practise ultra- elastography. Th e other chapters have been updated sound in a clinical setting. Th e book is primarily aimed to include developments in technology, quality assur- at sonographers and clinical users in general, and will ance and safety. We hope that this second edition of also serve as a fi rst textbook for physicists and engin- ‘Diagnostic Ultrasound Physics and Equipment’ will eers. Th e text concentrates on explanations of prin- meet the needs of sonographers, physicists and engin- ciples which underpin the clinical use of ultrasound eers in their training and practice. systems. Th e book contains relatively few equations and Peter Hoskins even fewer derivations. In the last 7 years a number of Kevin Martin techniques which existed in embryo form in 2002 have Abigail Th rush become available on commercial ultrasound systems, Autumn 2009 ix
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