Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide

671 Pages·2018·39.46 MB·English

by  Subbaramiah Sridhar

Clinical Gastroenterology
Series Editor: George Y. Wu
Subbaramiah Sridhar
George Y. Wu Editors
Diagnostic and
Therapeutic
Procedures in
Gastroenterology
An Illustrated Guide
Second Edition
CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY
Series Editor
George Y. Wu
University of Connecticut Health Center
Farmington, CT, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7672
Subbaramiah Sridhar • George Y. Wu
Editors
Diagnostic and Therapeutic
Procedures in
Gastroenterology
An Illustrated Guide
Second Edition
Editors
Subbaramiah Sridhar, M.B.,B.S., George Y. Wu, MD, PhD
MPH (Outcomes), FRCP(Edin), FRCP(Glasg), Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology
FRCP(Lond), FRSS(Lond), FRCPC, FACP, University of Connecticut Health Center
FACG, FASGE, FASLM&S, AGAF, FAAG, Farmington, CT, USA
MAAG, FRSM (Eng)
Professor
Advanced Endoscopy
Digestive Health Center
Section of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Medical College of Georgia
Augusta University
Augusta, GA, USA
ISSN 2197-7399 ISSN 2197-7704 (electronic)
Clinical Gastroenterology
ISBN 978-3-319-62991-9 ISBN 978-3-319-62993-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62993-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017957570
© Springer International Publishing AG 2011, 2018
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed
to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,
express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Humana Press imprint is published by Springer Nature
The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To my parents, Vasanthalakshmi and Subbaramiah, who molded my life;
Professor Sir Ferguson Anderson (Glasgow, Scotland) and Professor Richard
Hunt (McMaster University, Canada) who molded my career; my brother
Nagesh and sister-in-law Jayashree, my sisters and brothers-in law Vani
and Satish Murthy, Suma and Srinivas Chakragiri, and my wife Supriya
Sridhar for their constant support and encouragement; and finally
to all our gastroenterology fellows who are sharp thinkers and not mere
scope pushers, for mind is a more powerful tool than endoscope (SS).
I would like to dedicate this book to Roy Lopata and his family whose
generous endowment of the Herman Lopata Chair in Hepatitis Research
and unflagging encouragement have enabled me to explore many areas
of research with freedom and flexibility (GYW).
Foreword
I want to thank the editors for giving me an opportunity to write foreword for the second edi-
tion of the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology.
The first edition released in 2011 met an unfulfilled need of explaining endoscopy through
simple and easy to understand text and illustrations. The second edition builds and expands on
the wide range of topics of the first edition, bringing it up-to-date with the current principles
and practices in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy.
The editors, Drs Sridhar and Wu, are to be congratulated for including a comprehensive and
exhaustive list of relevant topics written by well-known and respected international experts.
Besides learning the standards of care in endoscopy from these experts, the readers will also
benefit from their personal insight based on vast experience and passion for endoscopy.
These are very exciting times for endoscopy and continue to experience unprecedented
growth around the world. It was in 2009 when we performed our first case of per oral myotomy
(POEM) and now it has become the standard of care for achalasia, practiced around the world.
New indications for the submucosal tunneling techniques continue to be added.
While POEM, ESD (endoscopic submucosal dissection), full thickness resection (EFTR)
have invigorated the field of luminal endoscopy our ability to better view and carry out therapy
in the bile duct using ultra-thin scopes with improved optics and lasers, EUS guided therapy to
drain walled off pancreatic fluid collections have been exciting additions to our therapeutic
armamentarium outside the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent advances in imaging
such as Confocal endoscopy, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) have opened new vis-
tas for early diagnosis of cancer and therapy.
I believe this book is an important step in enhancing our knowledge of endoscopy and
would be of great help to practicing physicians (both gastroenterologists and general surgeons)
and those in training, particularly the young endoscopists. Our nursing colleagues with interest
in gastroenterology would also find this book useful both for daily practical needs, and as a
reference guide.
As we learn from each other and develop and set new standards of care to benefit our
patients I am reminded of a Japanese proverb “chisa wa madowazu, yusha wa osorenzu (智者
は惑わず、勇者は恐れず)” which means, “A wise man does not lose his way, a brave man
does not have fear” - be wise and be brave - explore and advance the field of endoscopy.
Haruhiro (Haru) INOUE, MD., PhD., FASGE
Professor and Director
Digestive Diseases Center, Showa University Koto-Toyosu Hospital
Koto-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
vii
Preface
This monograph was originally conceived and designed to address common questions often
raised by internists, students, and trainees regarding details of gastrointestinal procedures.
Because patients who undergo gastrointestinal procedures are frequently followed by their
primary care providers and extenders, those providers need to be familiar with pre- and post-
procedural issues in order to select optimal procedures and provide appropriate post-procedure
follow-up. This need is not only still present but has intensified due to the remarkable advances
in technology and techniques. In particular, GI procedures have become more invasive with
greater emphasis on therapeutics than ever before. It is, therefore, fitting that this edition of
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide, Second
Edition continues to focus on providing clear understanding of the concepts that underlie gas-
trointestinal procedures as it pertains to appropriate decision making for patients with diseases
that require gastrointestinal procedures. This volume is a comprehensive textbook describing
procedures for the gastrointestinal tract in a simple way, with artistic illustrations of equipment
and techniques, and providing clear descriptions of the changes in the anatomy and physiology
that result from various operations and procedures, as well as advice on medical management
of post-procedure patients. In addition, the book provides information on practical matters
such as establishing endoscopy units and maintenance of quality and efficiency of procedures.
Finally, as the complexity of the field has grown, so too has the need to develop training and
evaluation methods for future generations of endoscopists. The current volume provides infor-
mation that will be useful for both trainers and trainees.
These are exciting times for endoscopy, and this book reflects the ingenuity and degree of
technical skills that have been achieved. However, the real uniqueness of the book is in the
interpretation and translation of these advances so that they can be understood and appreciated
not only by proceduralists but all levels of health-care providers who care for patients with
gastrointestinal disorders.
Augusta, GA, USA Subbaramiah Sridhar
Farmington, CT, USA George Y. Wu
ix
Contents
Part I Procedures and Devices
1 History of the Instruments and Techniques of Gastrointestinal
Endoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Charles Spurr Jr.
2 Recent Advances in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
John Affronti and Andrew Lake
3 Endoscopic Management of Foreign Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Parit Mekaroonkamol and Saurabh Chawla
4 Newer and Evolving Endoscopic Therapies for Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Phillip S. Ge and V. Raman Muthusamy
5 Recent Advances in Imaging of Barrett’s Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Shekhar Sharma, Edward Gibson, Noriya Uedo, and Rajvinder Singh
6 Endoscopic Management of Barrett’s Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Taimur Khan and Prateek Sharma
7 Endoscopic Tissue Sampling: A Pathologist’s Perspective
(Good Endoscopists Think Ahead) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Robert H. Riddell
8 Complications Related to Gastrointestinal Endoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Pornchai Leelasinjaroen, Muhammed Sherid, and Subbaramiah Sridhar
9 Anticoagulants and Therapeutic Endoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Andrew M. Veitch
10 Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Rapat Pittayanon and Rungsun Rerknimitr
11 Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Davinderbir Pannu, Dennis Yang, and Peter V. Draganov
12 Endoscopic Management of Esophageal Strictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Darius A. Jahann and Vanessa M. Shami
13 Argon Plasma Coagulation in Gastroenterology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Theodore Rokkas
14 Endoscopic Management of Esophageal Varices
and Variceal Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Sidhartha S. Tulachan, Jigar Bhagatwala, and Subbaramiah Sridhar
xi
xii Contents
15 Endoscopic Management of Non- variceal Upper
Gastrointestinal Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Muhammed Sherid and Subbaramiah Sridhar
16 Management of Gastric Varices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Jonggi Choi and Young-Suk Lim
17 Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy and Jejunostomy for Feeding . . . . . . . . 207
Yezaz A. Ghouri and Gurinder Luthra
18 Capsule Endoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Siegfried Yu, Subbaramiah Sridhar, and Sherman M. Chamberlain
19 Device-Assisted Enteroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Arthur Kaffes and Mathew J. Keegan
20 Gastrointestinal Tract Stenting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Anthony A. Razzak, Andrew S. Ross, and Richard A. Kozarek
21 Colonoscopic Polypectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Peter H. Rubin and Jerome D. Waye
22 Colonic Decompression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Tiing Leong Ang, Daphne Ang, and James Chi Yong Ngu
23 Acute Colonic Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Gustavo A. Machicado and Dennis M. Jensen
24 Endotherapy of Leaks and Fistula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
V. K. Rai, Usha Goenka, and M. K. Goenka
25 The Role of Chromoendoscopy and Enhanced Imaging
Techniques in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Colorectal Cancer
Colonoscopy Surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Rotimi Ayoola, Monica Mohanty, Jai Eun Lee, and Humberto Sifuentes
26 Ultrasound-Guided/Ultrasound-Assisted Percutaneous Liver Biopsy . . . . . . . . . 339
Roopjeet K. Bath and George Y. Wu
27 Instruments and Accessories for Endoscopic Retrograde
Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Jai Eun Lee and Sumanth Daram
28 Minor Papilla Cannulation and Endotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Alexander Larson and Bret T. Petersen
29 Endoscopic Management of Bile Duct Stones: Small and Large . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Hendrikus Vanderveldt and Sandeep Patel
30 Cholangiopancreatoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Isaac Raijman
31 ERCP in Surgically Altered Anatomy Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Yen-I Chen and Patrick Okolo III
32 Endoscopic Management of Necrotizing Pancreatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Dongwook Oh and Dong-Wan Seo
33 Endoscopic Management of Pancreatic Fistula and Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Shailesh Kumar, Jan-Werner Poley, and Marco J. Bruno
34 Endoscopic Management of Pancreatic Pseudocysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Muhammad K. Hasan and Joseph Romagnuolo
Contents xiii
35 Instruments and Accessories for Endoscopic Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Olaya Brewer-Gutierrez and Vikesh K. Singh
36 Contrast-Enhanced Endoscopic Ultrasound (CE-EUS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Roald F. Havre, Adrian Saftoiu, Manoop S. Bhutani, and Peter Vilmann
37 Technique of Endoscopic Ultrasound-G uided Fine Needle
Aspiration (EUS-FNA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Subbaramiah Sridhar and Pornchai Leelasinjaroen
38 Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Access and Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Vinay Dhir, Irfan Sandozi, and Amit Maydeo
39 EUS-Guided Drainage of Pelvic Abscesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Ji Young Bang and Shyam Varadarajulu
40 Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Celiac Plexus Block and Celiac
Plexus Neurolysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Amit H. Sachdev, Ali S. Khan, and Frank G. Gress
41 Flexible Robotic Endoscopy Systems and the Future Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Tian En Timothy Seah, Thanh Nho Do, Nobuyoshi Takeshita,
Khek Yu Ho, and Soo Jay Phee
42 Device Development and Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Vihar Surti
43 NOTES: Past, Present, and Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
John H. Rodriguez and Jeffrey Ponsky
Part II Procedure Units, Quality and Efficiency
44 How to Set Up an Endoscopy Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Lavanya Viswanathan and Satish S.C. Rao
45 Sedation and Monitoring in Endoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Gajen Perry, Edward Gibson, and Rajvinder Singh
46 The Roles and Responsibilities of Nurses in the Endoscopy Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
George Tan, Theresa Thompson, and Amol Sharma
47 Quality and Efficiency in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Lukejohn W. Day, David Belson, and Ziad F. Gellad
48 Quality Measures in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Iris L. Vance, Vaishali Patel, and Ziad F. Gellad
49 Documentation and Description of Endoscopic Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Pornchai Leelasinjaroen, Rami Abboud, and Subbaramiah Sridhar
50 Gastrointestinal Endoscope Reprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Kavel Visrodia and Bret T. Petersen
Part III Training and Evaluation
51 Teaching and Training in Upper and Lower GI Endoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Mohammad Yaghoobi
52 Training in Advanced Endoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Birtukan Cinnor, Chetan Mittal, and Sachin Wani