Diagnosis of Plant Virus Diseases PDF
Preview Diagnosis of Plant Virus Diseases
Diagnosis of PLANT VIRUS DISEASES t R.E.F. Matthews Emeritus Professor of Microbiology School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First published 1993 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2018 by CRC Press © 1993 by CRC Press, Inc. CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Diagnosis of plant virus diseases / editor, R.E.F. Matthews. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-4284-8 1. Virus diseases of plants--Diagnosis. I. Matthews, R. E. F. (Richard Ellis Ford), 1921– . SB736.D53 1993 632’ .8--dc20 92-38242 A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 92038242 Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89225-2 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07135-2 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com PREFACE Plant diseases caused by viruses bring about substantial losses in agri- cultural and horticultural crops. These losses occur worldwide, but are par- ticularly important in the tropics and subtropics. The first requirement for the control of such diseases is the identification of the causative virus or viruses. Over recent years such identification has been made easier by two develop- ments: first, a comprehensive and internationally agreed classification system for viruses is now available; and second, a variety of technical improvements have been made in the methods that can be used for virus identification. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the present classification of plant viruses, and of the current diagnostic techniques. In Chapter 2 J. Horvath discusses the use of host plants in diagnosis, with special reference to disease symptoms and host range. A. T. Jones in Chapter 3 describes various methods of experimental transmission used in diagnosis, while in Chapter 4 he deals with the sometimes difficult problem of virus transmission through soil. Some viruses and groups of viruses produce characteristic intracellular inclusion bodies, which may be diagnostic for par- ticular viruses or groups. The use of these in diagnosis is described by J. R. Edwardson and his colleagues in Chapter 5. The methods that can be used to purify a virus from diseased tissue sometimes give useful clues as to the kind of virus involved. These are discussed by R. Stace-Smith and R. R. Martin in Chapter 6. Serological procedures have developed and diversified rapidly in recent years, and have become one of the most important tools in virus diagnosis. These techniques, with practical details are given by M. H. V. Van Regenmortel and M-C. Dubs in Chapter 7. In Chapter 8 R. G. Milne describes the use of electron microscopy to characterise virus particles, with particular reference to negative staining, immunosorbent and decoration procedures, and gold labeling. The theory and practice of nucleic acid hybridization in diagnosis is given by R. Hull in Chapter 9. Many plants showing symptoms of virus or virus-like disease contain various dsRNA species not found in healthy plants. Analysis of such dsRNA species by gel electrophoresis may provide diagnostic evidence of a nonspecific kind, as discussed by J. A. Dodds in Chapter 10. The last three chapters deal with aspects of diagnosis that may present particular difficulties. Viroids are very small circular ssRNA molecules that are not thought to be related to viruses. However they frequently cause virus- like disease symptoms. For this reason, in Chapter 11, D. Hanold describes practical procedures for the diagnostic methods applicable to these agents. Some important diseases with virus-like symptoms have, as yet, no known etiology. The difficult problems posed by such diseases are described by J. W. Randies in Chapter 12. Finally A. F. Murant, in Chapter 13 is concerned with the recognition of diseases that may be caused by a complex of a transmission-dependent and a helper virus. I wish to thank all the contributors to this volume for their ready coop- eration in the project. THE EDITOR R. E. F. Matthews, Ph.D, is Emeritus Professor of Microbiology in the School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Dr. Matthews obtained his M.Sc. degree in Botany from Auckland Uni- versity College in 1942. Postwar, he graduated Ph.D. in the field of plant virology from the University of Cambridge, England, in 1948. In 1948-1949 he was a postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin at Madison. From 1949 to 1961 he was employed as a plant virologist in the Plant Diseases Division of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in Auckland. From 1962 to 1986 he was Professor of Microbiology in the Department of Cell Biology, University of Auckland. During this period, while on sabbatical leave, he carried out research in Madison, (McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1965 to 1966); Tub- ingen, Germany (Max Planck Institut fur Biologie, 1975 to 1976); and Stras- bourg, France (Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire du C.N.R.S., 1983 to 1984). Eh*. Matthews is a member of the Biochemical Society, London, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Phy- topathological Society, the New York Academy of Sciences, the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, and a Life Member of the Cancer Society of New Zealand. He was President of the International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses from 1975 to 1981. He is a Life Member of that organization. He was awarded the Doctor of Science degree, University of Cambridge in 1964. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand, and a Fellow of the New Zealand Institute of Chemists. Dr. Matthews has published more than 140 scientific papers and several books, mainly in the fields of plant virology and general virus taxonomy. CONTRIBUTORS R. G. Christie Roger Hull Department of Agronomy Deputy Head University of Florida Virus Research Department Gainesville, Florida Virology Department John Innes Institute Norwich, England J. A. Dodds Department of Plant Pathology A. T. Jones University of California Senior Principal Scientist Riverside, California Scottish Crop Research Institute Invergowrie, Dundee Scotland M. C. Dubs Postdoctoral Fellow Robert R. Martin Department of Immunochemistry Research Scientist Institut de Biologic Moleculaire et Agriculture Canada Cellulaire, CNRS Vancouver, British Columbia Strasbourg, France Canada J. R. Edwardson R, E. F. Matthews Department of Agronomy School of Biological Sciences University of Florida University of Auckland Gainesville, Florida Auckland, New Zealand Robert G. Milne D. Hanold Istituto di Fitovirologia Applicata Senior Research Fellow CNR (National Research Council) Department of Crop Protection Torino, Italy Waite Agricultural Research Institute A. F. Murant University of Adelaide Senior Principal Scientific Officer Glen Osmond, South Australia Scottish Crop Research Institute Invergowrie, Dundee J. Horvath Scotland Department of Plant Pathology Institute for Plant Protection M. Petersen Pannonian University of Department of Pathology Agricultural Science University of Florida Keszthely, Hungary Gainesville, Florida D. E. Purcifull Richard Stace-Smith Department of Plant Pathology Research Scientist University of Florida Agriculture Canada Gainesville, Florida Vancouver, British Columbia Canada J. W. Randies Associate Professor M. H. V. Van Regenmortel Department of Crop Protection Director Waite Agricultural Research Immunochemistry Department Institute Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et University of Adelaide Cellulaire, CNRS Glen Osmond, South Australia Strasbourg, France TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Overview 1 R. E. F. Matthews Chapter 2 Host Plants in Diagnosis 15 J. Horvath Chapter 3 Experimental Transmission of Viruses in Diagnosis 49 A. T. Jones Chapter 4 Virus Transmission Through Soil and By Soil-Inhabiting Organisms in Diagnosis 73 A. T. Jones Chapter 5 Inclusions in Diagnosing Plant Virus Diseases 101 J. R. Edwardson, R. G. Christie, D. E. Purcifull, and M. A. Petersen Chapter 6 Virus Purification in Relation to Diagnosis 129 Richard Stace-Smith and Robert R. Martin Chapter 7 Serological Procedures 159 M. H. V. Van Regenmortel and M.-C. Dubs Chapter 8 Electron Microscopy of In Vitro Preparations 215 Robert G. Milne Chapter 9 Nucleic Acid Hybridization Procedures 253 Roger Hull Chapter 10 dsRNA in Diagnosis 273 J. A. Dodds Chapter 11 Diagnostic Methods Applicable to Viroids 295 D. Hanold Chapter 12 Strategies for Implicating Virus-Like Pathogens as the Cause of Diseases of Unknown Etiology 315 J. W. Randies Chapter 13 Complexes of Transmission-Dependent and Helper Viruses 333 A. F. Murant Index 359 Chapter 1 OVERVIEW R. E. F. Matthews TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction 2 II. Classification as a Framework for Diagnosis 2 III. An Overview of Techniques 2 IV. Databases as Aids in Diagnosis 11 V. Koch's Postulates in Relation to Diagnosis of Plant Virus Diseases 11 VI. Agents Causing Virus-Like Diseases 12 VII. Virus Diseases with More than One Causal Agent 12 A. Two or More Strains of the Same Virus 12 B. Chance Infections with Two or More Unrelated Viruses 12 C. A Virus and a Satellite RNA 13 D. A Virus and Some Noninfectious Agent 13 E. Two Unrelated Viruses in a Fixed Relationship 13 VIII. Summary 13 References 14 0-8493^284-8/93/$0.00 -f $.50 1 © 1993 by CRC Press, Inc.
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