Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury

1206 Pages·2022·40.881 MB·English

by  Rajkumar Rajendram (editor), Victor R. Preedy (editor), Colin R. Martin (editor)

Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic
Brain Injury
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Diagnosis and Treatment
of Traumatic Brain Injury
The Neuroscience of Traumatic Brain Injury
Edited by
Rajkumar Rajendram
Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Abdulaziz International Medical Research
Center, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University of Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Victor R. Preedy
King’s College London, London
Colin R. Martin
Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, United Kingdom
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Dedication
I dedicate this book to my wonderful daughter, Dr. Caragh Brien,
of whom I am so incredibly proud.
Colin R. Martin
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Contents
Contributors xix Prognostic models 21
Preface xxv Epidemiological considerations: the
importance of outcome prediction
considering between-country differences 21
Section A Approaches to predictive models in TBI:
Setting the scene and introductory Discordance between clinical research
and clinical management of TBI 22
chapters
Recommendation for developing a
predictive model in TBI 22
1. Traumatic brain injury and
Applications to other areas of neuroscience 22
in-hospital mortality- CT perfusion Mini-dictionary of terms 23
and beyond Key facts of potential strategies in TBI
outcome research 23
Sudharsana Rao Ande and Jai Jai Shiva Shankar
Summary points 24
Introduction 3 References 24
Neuroimaging for TBI 4
Plain head computed tomography (CT) 5 3. Thirty years post-injury: Impact
CT angiography (CTA) 6 of traumatic brain injury on later
CT perfusion 7 Alzheimer’s disease
Magnetic resonance perfusion
Hiraoka Takashi and Hanayama Kozo
(MR perfusion) 7
Diffusion tensor imaging 8 Introduction 27
CT perfusion and in-hospital mortality 8 Understanding traumatic brain injury as a
Applications to other areas of neuroscience 10 risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease 28
Mini-dictionary of terms 11 Similarities in the long-term prognosis
Key facts of TBI 11 of mild repetitive and severe isolated
Summary points 11 traumatic brain injury 28
References 12 Post-traumatic brain injury Alzheimer’s
disease 29
2. Predictors of outcome in
Amyloid-β pathology in traumatic brain
moderate and severe traumatic injury 30
brain injury Tubulin-associated unit pathology in
traumatic brain injury 31
Rosalia Zangari, Paolo Gritti, and
Applications to other areas of
Francesco Biroli
neuroscience 31
Introduction 15 Mini-dictionary of terms 34
Predictors and outcome measures 16 Key facts of post-traumatic brain injury
Acute predictors 16 delayed-onset cognitive and psychiatric
Sub-acute predictors 20 disorders 35
ICU neuromonitoring 20 Summary points 35
Biomarkers 20 Acknowledgments 36
Pediatric TBI 21 References 36
vii
viii Contents
4. Drug interventions and stem Sedation and analgesia 65
cells in traumatic brain injury: Seizure management 65
Translation from experimental Corticosteroids 65
model to bedside Calcium channel blockers 65
Conclusions and future directions 66
Maha Tabet, Mohammad Amine Reslan, Case 1 66
Muhammad Ali Haidar, Hawraa Issa, Maya Case 2 66
El Dor, Reem Abedi, Leila Nasrallah, Ali Eid, Applications to other areas of neuroscience 67
Kazem Zibara, and Firas H. Kobeissy Mini-dictionary of terms 67
Key facts of advanced trauma life support 67
Introduction 40
Summary points 68
The pathophysiology of TBI 40
References 68
Possible treatments for TBI: Drug
interventions 40
Introduction to stem cells and their 6. Neuropsychiatric disorders after
therapeutic potential 45 severe traumatic brain injury: An
Pre-clinical studies utilizing stem cells for overview
the treatment of TBI 45
Clinical studies utilizing stem cells 47 Dolores Villalobos, Umberto Bivona,
Limitations of stem cells use 47 and Maria Paola Ciurli
Application to other fields of neuroscience 51
Introduction 71
Mini-dictionary of terms 51
The role of brain injury severity and
Key facts of stem cells 51
structural pathophysiologic changes 72
Summary points 51
The role of post-injury variables 73
References 52
The role of pre-morbid variables 73
The role of environmental variables 74
5. Management of traumatic
Methodological issues related to the
brain injury from the aspect of
neuropsychiatric assessment 74
emergency department and case studies Classification of the main neuropsychiatric
disorders 75
Bedriye Müge Sönmez
Agitation 75
Introduction 58 Aggression 76
Emergency department considerations 58 Irritability 76
Management of mild brain injury Disinhibition 76
(GCS score 13–15) 59 Substance abuse disorders 76
Management of moderate TBI 59 Depression and apathy 76
Management of sTBI 60 Anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder
Airway 60 (PTSD) 76
Rapid sequence intubation 60 Psychosis, bipolar disorder,
Breathing 61 obsessive-compulsive symptoms 77
Circulation 62 Sleep disturbances 77
Disability 62 A brief consideration of possible
Medical treatment of brain injury 62 interventions 78
Intravenous fluids 62 Conclusion 78
Correction of anticoagulation 63 Applications to other areas of
Tranexamic acid 63 neuroscience 78
Transfusion in TBI 64 Mini-dictionary of terms 79
Management of elevated ICP 64 Key facts of neuropsychiatric disorders
Body positioning 64 after severe traumatic brain injury:
Hyperosmolar agents 64 An overview 80
Hyperventilation 64 Summary points 80
Temperature management 64 References 80
Contents ix
Section B Key facts about fibrinogen 107
Summary points 107
Clinical features of traumatic brain
References 108
injury
9. Linking traumatic brain injury
7. Cerebral hemorrhages in
and nosocomial infections
traumatic brain injury
Marwan Bouras, Karim Asehnoune,
Andrei Irimia, Kenneth A. Rostowsky, and Antoine Roquilly
E. Meng Law, and Helena C. Chui
Introduction 111
Introduction 88 Post-traumatic immunosuppression 112
The BBB and NVC after TBI 88 Post-traumatic critical illness-related
NVC, TBI, and aging 88 corticosteroid insufficiency 114
Vascular pathophysiology after TBI 89 Post-traumatic dysbiosis 114
TBI hemorrhage identification and Glucocorticoids: A therapeutic avenue
localization 89 in the prevention of nosocomial
Differential etiology of TBI-related infections after trauma 115
hemorrhages 91 Application to other areas of neuroscience 118
(Epi)genetic risk for hemorrhage after Mini-dictionary of terms 118
experimental TBI 92 Key facts of ventilatory-associated
Novel approaches for TBI CMB pneumonia 118
neuroimaging CMBs 92 Summary points 119
TBI hemorrhages and AD 94 References 119
Applications to other areas of
neuroscience 95 10. Long-term sequelae of
Mini-dictionary of terms 96
mild-repetitive and severe
Key facts of cerebral hemorrhages after
traumatic brain injury: Clinical
traumatic brain injury 96
manifestations, neuropathology
Summary points 97
and diagnosis by tau PET imaging
Acknowledgments 97
References 97 Keisuke Takahata, Kenji Tagai, Makoto Higuchi,
and Masaru Mimura
8. Linking fibrinogen, coagulopathy
Introduction 123
prophylaxis, and traumatic brain injury Clinical symptoms and neuropathology
of chronic states of TBI 124
Ryuta Nakae and Shoji Yokobori
Growing need for neuroimaging biomarkers
Introduction 101 of chronic pathologies of TBI 127
Fibrinogen 102 PET imaging of TBI with first-generation
TBI-induced coagulation/fibrinolysis tau PET tracers 127
cascade 102 Challenges for quantification of tau load
Time course of fibrinogen concentration in TBI by tau PET imaging 128
in the acute phase of TBI 103 Development of second-generation
Fibrinogen concentration and outcome tau PET tracer 130
in TBI 105 PET imaging of TBI with second-generation
Therapeutic target level of fibrinogen 105 tau PET tracer 130
Measurements of fibrinogen 105 Future directions of research 132
Correlation between fibrinogen and Conclusion 132
fibrinolytic parameters 106 Applications to other areas of neuroscience 132
Treatment by replenishment of fibrinogen 106 Key facts of neurodegenerative diseases
Applications to other areas of neuroscience 106 following TBI 132
Mini-dictionary of terms 107 Key facts of tau PET imaging 133