Diabetes Complications, Comorbidities and Related Disorders PDF
Preview Diabetes Complications, Comorbidities and Related Disorders
Endocrinology Series Editor: Andrea Lenzi Series Co-Editor: Emmanuele A. Jannini Enzo Bonora Ralph A. DeFronzo Editors Diabetes Complications, Comorbidities and Related Disorders Endocrinology SeriesEditor AndreaLenzi DepartmentofExperimentalMedicine SectionofMedicalPathophysiology FoodScienceandEndocrinology SapienzaUniversityofRome Rome,Italy Series Co-Editor EmmanueleA.Jannini DepartmentofSystemsMedicine UniversityofRomeTorVergata Rome,Italy Withinthehealthsciences,Endocrinologyhasanuniqueandpivotalrole.Thisold, butcontinuouslynewscienceisthestudyofthevarioushormonesandtheiractions and disorders in the body. The matter of Endocrinology are the glands, i.e., the organsthatproducehormones,activeonthemetabolism,reproduction,foodabsorp- tion and utilization, growth and development, behavior control, and several other complex functions of the organisms. Since hormones interact, affect, regulate, and control virtually all body functions, Endocrinology not only is a very complex science,multidisciplinaryinnature,butisonewiththehighestscientificturnover. KnowledgeintheEndocrinologicalsciencesiscontinuouslychangingandgrowing. Infact,thefieldofEndocrinologyandMetabolismisonewherethehighestnumber ofscientificpublicationscontinuouslyflourishes.Thenumberofscientificjournals dealing with hormones and the regulation of body chemistry is dramatically high. Furthermore,Endocrinologyisdirectlyrelatedtogenetics,neurology,immunology, rheumatology, gastroenterology, nephrology, orthopedics, cardiology, oncology, gland surgery, psychology, psychiatry, internal medicine, and basic sciences. All thesefieldsareinterestedinupdatesinEndocrinology. The aim of the MRW in Endocrinology is to update the Endocrinological matter using the knowledge of the best experts in each section of Endocrinology: basic endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, endocrinological oncology, pancreas withdia- betes and other metabolic disorders, thyroid, parathyroid and bone metabolism, adrenalsandendocrinehypertension,sexuality,reproduction,andbehavior. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/14021 (cid:129) Enzo Bonora Ralph A. DeFronzo Editors Diabetes Complications, Comorbidities and Related Disorders With95Figuresand64Tables Editors EnzoBonora RalphA.DeFronzo DivisionofEndocrinology,Diabetes DiabetesDivision,DiabetesResearchUnit andMetabolism UniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenter UniversityandHospitalTrustofVerona SanAntonio,TX,USA Verona,Italy ISSN2510-1927 ISSN2510-1935(electronic) ISBN978-3-319-44432-1 ISBN978-3-319-44433-8(eBook) ISBN978-3-319-45115-2(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44433-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018946561 #SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Series Preface IsthereanunmetneedforanewMRWseriesinEndocrinologyandMetabolism?It might not seem so! The vast number of existing textbooks, monographs and scientific journals suggest that the field of hormones (from genetic, molecular, biochemical and translational to physiological, behavioral, and clinical aspects) is one of the largest in biomedicine, producing a simply huge scientific output. However,wearesurethatthisnewSerieswillbeofinterestforscientists,academics, students,physiciansandspecialistsalike. TheknowledgeinEndocrinologyandMetabolismalmostlimitedtothetwomain (from an epidemiological perspective) diseases, namely hypo/hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus, now seems outdated and closer to the interests of the general practitioner than to those of the specialist. This has led to endocrinology and metabolismbeingincreasinglyconsideredasasubsectionofinternalmedicinerather thananautonomousspecialization.Butendocrinologyismuchmorethanthis. Weareproposingthisseriesasthemanifestofor“Endocrinology2.0”,embrac- ingthefieldsofmedicineinwhichhormonesplayamajorpartbutwhich,forvarious historical and cultural reasons, have thus far been “ignored” by endocrinologists. Hence, this MRW comprises “traditional” (but no less important or investigated) topics: from the molecular actions of hormones to the pathophysiology and man- agement of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic and gonadal diseases, as well as lesscommonarguments.Endocrinology2.0is,infact,thescienceofhormones,but it is also the medicine of sexuality and reproduction, the medicine of gender differences and the medicine of wellbeing. These aspects of Endocrinology have todatebeenconsideredoflittleinterest,astheyareyoungandrelativelyunexplored sciences.Butthisisnolongerthecase.Thelargescientificproductioninthesefields coupledwiththeimpressivesocialinterestofpatientsinthesetopicsisstimulatinga newandfascinatingchallengeforEndocrinology. The aim of the MRW in Endocrinology is thus to update the subject with the knowledge of thebest expertsineach field: basic endocrinology, neuroendocrinol- ogy, endocrinological oncology, pancreatic disorders, diabetes and other metabolic disorders, thyroid, parathyroid and bone metabolism, adrenal and endocrine v vi SeriesPreface hypertension, sexuality,reproductionandbehavior. Wearesure that thisambitious aim, covering for the first time the whole spectrum of Endocrinology 2.0, will be fulfilledinthisvastSpringerMRWinEndocrinologySeries. AndreaLenzi,M.D. SeriesEditor EmmanueleA.Jannini,M.D. SeriesCo-Editor Volume Preface Diabetesmellitusisassociatedwithmultiplemicrovascular(retinopathy,nephropa- thy, and neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (myocardial infraction, stroke, amputation). While the microvascular complications result in considerable morbidity,themacrovascularcomplicationsarethemajorcaseofmortality.Patients with diabetes also experience a wide variety of other complications that affect all organ systems in the body including dementia, typical as well as atypical opportu- nistic infections, bone and joint disease, liver (NASH/NAFLD) and gall bladder disease,increased incidenceofspecific malignancies, skin pathologies,andothers. Themicrovascularandmacrovascularcomplicationscanbelinkedtohyperglycemia and hypertension/dyslipidemia/insulin resistance, respectively, but the etiologic factors responsible for many of the other diabetes-related complications remain to beevaluated.Allorgansareafflictedbydiabetesandpreventingthisorgandamage is essential to improve the quality of life of our diabetic patients, to reduce the financialburdenthataccompaniesthesemanyvariedanddiversecomplications,and topreventthedaysoflifethatarelostasaresultofthesecomplications.Asmuchas 80–90% of the direct cost of diabetes care is related to treatment of the chronic complicationsofthedisease. Inthisvolume,theacuteandchroniccomplicationsofdiabetesarereviewedand theiretiologyandtreatmentarediscussedbyexpertsinthefield.Thereaderwillbe impressed by the in-depth coverage of the pathophysiology of the individual com- plicationsandthepragmaticapproachtotreattheirclinicalmanifestations. Verona,Italy EnzoBonora SanAntonio,TX,USA RalphA.DeFronzo Editors vii Contents 1 DiabetesandObesity .................................... 1 MatthiasBlüherandMichaelStumvoll 2 DiabetesandDislipidemia ................................ 51 HenryN.Ginsberg,MaryamKhavandi,andGissetteReyes-Soffer 3 MetabolicSyndrome .................................... 71 ScottM.Grundy 4 HypertensionandDiabetes ............................... 109 ColleenMajewskiandGeorgeL.Bakris 5 DiabetesandtheCardiovascularSystem .................... 131 MauroRigato,GianPaoloFadini,andAngeloAvogaro 6 PathogenesisofMicrovascularComplications ................ 161 MogherKhamaisi,GeorgeL.King,KyoungminPark,andQianLi 7 DiabetesandtheKidney ................................. 203 AnnaSoliniandPietroCastellino 8 DiabetesandtheEye .................................... 231 MassimoPortaandJoséCunha-Vaz 9 DiabetesandtheNervousSystem .......................... 275 AaronI.Vinik,CarolinaCasellini,andSerinaNeumann 10 DiabeticFoot .......................................... 355 FrankLeeBowlingandAndrewJ.M.Boulton 11 DiabetesandCancer .................................... 377 RiccardoVigneriandLauraSciacca 12 BoneandDiabetes ...................................... 411 JakobStarup-LindeandSørenGregersen 13 DiabetesandtheSkin ................................... 437 P.Gisondi,A.C.Fostini,andG.Girolomoni ix x Contents 14 DiabetesandPeriodontalDisease .......................... 451 ThomasW.OatesandNamitaKhandelwal 15 DiabetesandSexualDisorders ............................ 473 MariaIdaMaiorino,GiuseppeBellastella,andKatherineEsposito 16 DiabetesandNAFLD ................................... 495 GiovanniTargher,AlessandroMantovani,andEnzoBonora 17 DiabetesSecondarytoPancreaticDiseases ................... 523 TeresaMezza,FrancescaCinti,andAndreaGiaccari 18 ImpactofDrugsonDiabetesRiskandGlycemicControl ....... 541 SimonaFrontoniandFabianaPicconi 19 DiabetesSecondarytoEndocrineDisordersandPCOS ........ 575 PaoloMoghetti 20 HyperglycemicCrises:DiabeticKetoacidosisandHyperglycemic HyperosmolarState ..................................... 595 GuillermoE.Umpierrez 21 Hypoglycemia ......................................... 617 CarmineG.Fanelli,PaolaLucidi,GeremiaB.Bolli,and FrancescaPorcellati 22 PregnancyandDiabetes ................................. 655 RikiBergel,EranHadar,YoelToledano,andMosheHod 23 Diabetes,Depression,andCognitiveDisorders ............... 689 RichardI.G.Holt Index .................................................... 717
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