Deviant Science: The Case of Parapsychology PDF
Preview Deviant Science: The Case of Parapsychology
DEVIANT SCIENCE DEVIANT SCIENCE The Case of Parapsychology James McClenon University of Pennsylvania Press PHILADELPHIA Design by Design For Publishing, Bob Nance Copyright © 1984 by the University of Pennsylvania Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data McClenon, James. Deviant science. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Psychical research. I. Title. BF1040.M326 1984 133.8 83-14680 ISBN 0-8122-1178-2 (pbk.) Printed in the United States of America Contents Figures vii Tables ix Abbreviations xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1 2 Scientism and the Rejection of Extraordinary Anomalies 38 3 The Rhetorical Aspect of Parapsychology's Struggle with Its Critics 79 4 The Political Struggle of Parapsychology for Legitimacy 104 5 A Survey of Elite Scientists: Their Attitudes Toward ESP, Parapsychology, and Anomalous Experience 128 6 The Reaction of Parapsychology to Deviant Labeling 164 7 The Interaction Between Parapsychology and the Public 197 8 Conclusions 221 Appendix A: Elite Scientist Questionnaire 237 Appendix B: Additional Comments from Elite Scientists 241 Appendix C: Parapsychological Research Centers 247 Appendix D: Interview Questions for Parapsychologists 251 References 253 Index 275 ν Figures 1-1. The Theoretical Model 31 2-1. Theoretical Model Demonstrating Treatment of Rejected Anomalies and Means for Long-Term Research Involving Rejected Anomalies 40 3-1. Typical Patterns of Argument in the Rhetorical Conflict Between Parapsychologists and Their Critics 99 4-1. The Political Process in Deviant Science 106 14:40:36. 14:40:36. Tables 2-1. Defining Normal Sciences and Protosciences by How Claims Are Evaluated 42 2-2. Scientists' Tendency to Evaluate Research so as to Support Their Prior Systems of Belief 44 2-3. The Differentiation of Anomalous Claims 45 5-1. AAAS Sections Receiving Questionnaires 134 5-2. Relationship Between Opinion of ESP and Questionnaire Return 136 5-3. A Comparison of Respondents' Attitudes Toward ESP in the Literature 139 5-4. Do You Consider the Investigation of ESP a Legitimate Scientific Undertaking? 139 5-5. Relationship Between Academic Field of Scientist and Attitude Toward ESP 140 5-6. Attitude Toward ESP and Parapsychology by Members of AAAS Sections 142 5-7. A Comparison of Source of Opinion Concerning ESP 144 5-8. Relationship Between Belief in ESP and Belief That the Investigation of ESP Is Legitimate 145 5-9. Relationship Between Birthyear of Elite Scientist and Opinion of ESP 146 ix 14:40:45. χ Tables 5-10. Source of Opinion Regarding ESP and Belief in ESP 147 5-11. Relationship Between Familiarity with Psi Research and Opinion of ESP 148 5-12. Relationship Between Belief in ESP and Anomalous Experience 150 5-13. Percentage of Individuals Who Report Having Had a Particular Experience Once or More 151 5-14. Percentage Who Consider Argument "Very Important" or "Extremely Important" 152 14:40:45.
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