Deviant Behavior

496 Pages·2012·4.132 MB·English

by  Alex Thio

Why You Need This New Edition
This new edition has been thoroughly updated and revised to take into account many
new and significant studies by sociologists, criminologists, and other behavioral scientists.
Here is a sampling of some of the new information you will find:
1. N ew research on self-injury exploring common reasons given and issues
of conceptualization.
2. U pdated research on campus, marital, prison, and acquaintance rape.
3. A recent study suggesting that the perpetrators of murder-suicide kill their victims
as a way of demonstrating their dominance or control over them.
4. N ew statistics showing many more billions of dollars being spent on drug law
enforcement than on prevention and treatment.
Here are just a few of the current, high-i nterest topics examined in this new edition:
1. The search for the causes of high-p rofile school shootings.
2. The essence of mass murder, which is often committed by extraordinarily ordinary
rather than emotionally disturbed people, illustrated by a discussion about a young
suicide bomber killing and wounding many students before he is shot dead.
3. Variations in wartime rape.
4. The increasing numbers of teenagers today who turn to oral sex because they
don’t consider it real sex, although they engage in it with only one partner rather
than many.
This page intentionally left blank
E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N
Deviant Behavior
Alex Thio
Ohio University
Jim D. Taylor
Ohio University Zanesville
Martin D. Schwartz
George Washington University
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Editorial Director: Craig Campanella Cover Designer: Bruce Kenselaar
Editor in Chief: Dickson Musslewhite Cover Image: Gianni Muratore / Alamy
Associate Editor: Mayda Bosco Media Director: Brian Hyland
Editorial Assistant: Joseph Jantas Full-Service Project Management &
Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Composition: Anand Natarajan/
Marketing Manager: Jessica Lasda Integra Software Services, LTD
Marketing Assistant: Zakiyyah Wiley Printer/Binder/Cover Printer: Courier
Production Manager: Meghan DeMaio Companies
Creative Director: Jayne Conte Text Font: 10/12, Times
Photo Credits: Page 2, s_bukley/Newscom; P. 16, Mike Theiler/Corbis Wire/Corbis; P. 34,
Elisanth/Shutterstock; P. 56, AP Photo/Belleville News-Democrat, Tim Vizer; P. 86, Deborah
Davis/PhotoEdit; P. 116, Viviane Moos/Corbis News/Corbis; P. 142, Image100/Corbis;
P. 178, Dennis MacDonald/Alamy; P. 214, Crispin Hughes/Photofusion Picture Library/Alamy;
P. 246, Galina Barskaya/Shutterstock; P. 278, Susanne Baumgarten/vario images/Alamy;
P. 298, David Hoffman/David Hoffman Photo Library/Alamy; P. 330, Elke Van de Velde/
Digital Vision/Getty Images; P. 362, AP Photo/Kathy Willens; P. 392, Per Mikaelsson/
age fotostock/SuperStock.
Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the
U.S.A. and other countries. Screen shots and icons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft
Corporation. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft
Corporation.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the
United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should
be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit
a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper
Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290.
Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed
as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a
trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Thio, Alex.
Deviant behavior / Alex Thio, Jim D. Taylor, Martin D. Schwartz. —11th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-20516-5 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-205-20516-X (alk. paper)
1. Deviant behavior. I. Taylor, Jim D., 1973- II. Schwartz, Martin D. III. Title.
HM811.T46 2013
302.5’42—dc23
2012020318
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
ISBN 10: 0-205-20516-X
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-20516-5
B R I E F C O N T E N T S
P A R T O N E Perspectives and Theories 1
1
What Is Deviant Behavior? 2
2
Positivist Theories 16
3
Constructionist Theories 34
P A R T T W O Interpersonal Violence 55
4
Physical Violence 56
5
Rape and Child Molestation 86
6
Family Violence 116
P A R T T H R E E Self-Destructive Deviance 141
7
Suicide 142
8
Mental Disorder 178
P A R T F O U R Diverse Lifestyles 213
9
Heterosexual Deviance 214
10
Gays and Other Targets of Stigma 246
11
Internet Deviance 278
P A R T F I V E Substance Use and Abuse 297
12
Drug Use 298
13
Drinking and Alcoholism 330
P A R T S I X Inequality in Deviance 361
14
Privileged Deviance 362
15
Underprivileged Deviance 392
v
This page intentionally left blank
C O N T E N T S
Preface xv
About the Authors xxi
2
Positivist Theories 16
P A R T O N E
Perspectives and Theories 1 Anomie-Strain Theory 17
Merton: The Goal–Means Gap 17
Cohen: Status Frustration 19
1
What Is Deviant Behavior? 2 Cloward and Ohlin: Differential
Illegitimate Opportunity 20
Conflicting Definitions 3 Recent Developments 22
Evaluating Anomie-Strain Theory 23
The Positivist Perspective 4
Absolutism: Deviance as Social Learning Theory 23
Absolutely Real 4 Sutherland: Differential
Objectivism: Deviance as an Association 24
Observable Object 5 Glaser: Differential Identification 24
Determinism: Deviance as Determined Burgess and Akers: Differential
Behavior 6 Reinforcement 25
Evaluating Social Learning
The Constructionist Perspective 7
Theory 25
Relativism: Deviance as a Label 7
Subjectivism: Deviance as a Subjective Control Theory 26
Experience 8 Hirschi, Gottfredson, and Tittle: Social
Voluntarism: Deviance as a Voluntary Bond, Self-Control, and Control
Act 9 Balance 27
Braithwaite: Reintegrative
An Integrated View 10
Shaming 27
A Word About Deviance and The Deterrence Doctrine 28
Crime 13 Evaluating Control Theory 29
Summary 14 Summary 31
Further Reading 14 Further Reading 31
Critical Thinking Questions 15 Critical Thinking Questions 32
Internet Resources 15 Internet Resources 33
vii
viii Contents
3 Patterns of Killing 62
Constructionist Theories 34
Time of Killing 62
Place of Killing 63
Labeling Theory 35
Method of Killing 63
A Version of Symbolic
Interactionism 35 Characteristics of Homicide 64
Who Labels Whom? 36 Warm-Blooded Murder 64
Consequences of Labeling 37 Doing the Victim a Favor 65
Evaluating Labeling Theory 38 Winning a Trivial Argument 66
Homicide Followed by Suicide 68
Phenomenological Theory 39
Critique of Positivism 39 Mass and Serial Murder 69
Subjectivism as the Key to Deviant A Social Profile of Serial Killers 70
Reality 40
A Global Perspective on Homicide 71
Ethnography: An Application of
Phenomenology 41 School Violence 71
Evaluating Phenomenological
Stalking 72
Theory 42
Hate Killing 74
Conflict Theory 42
Legal Reality Theory 43 Genocide 74
Social Reality Theory 44
Terrorism 76
Marxist Theory 46
The September 11 Attacks 76
Feminist Theory 46
Myths about Terrorism 77
Power Theory 48
Postmodernist Theory 49 Why Do People Kill? 78
Evaluating Critical and Conflict External Restraint Theory 78
Theory 50 Subculture of Violence Theory 79
Summary 51 Does the Death Penalty Deter
Murder? 80
Further Reading 52
Summary 82
Critical Thinking Questions 53
Further Reading 83
Internet Resources 53
Critical Thinking Questions 85
Internet Resources 85
P A R T T W O
5
Interpersonal Violence 55 Rape and Child
Molestation 86
4
Physical Violence 56
Patterns of Rape 88
Racial, Age, and Situational
Assault and Aggravated Assault 58
Factors 88
Who Is More Likely to Kill? 58 Planning and Execution 89
Class and Race 59 Gang Rape 90
Regions, Large Cities, and Rural Acquaintance Rape 91
Areas 60 Campus Rape 92
Gender and Age 61 The Myth of Victim Precipitation 93
Contents ix
Consequences of Rape 94 Myth 3: Most Abused Children Grow
The Rape Survivor’s Response 94 Up to Be Abusive Parents 119
The Feeling of Being Myth 4: Alcohol and Drugs
Raped Again 96 Are Involved in Most Family
Violence 119
The Culture of Rape 97
Treating Women Like Men’s The Extent of Family
Property 97 Violence 119
Using Women in Men’s Masculinity
Marital Rape 120
Contests 99
The Nature of Marital Rape 120
The Myth That Women Ask for It 101
Causes of Marital Rape 121
Socializing Girls to Be Victims 102
Wife Beating 122
A Global Perspective on Wartime
The Nature of Woman Abuse 123
Rape 102
Why Don’t Some Battered Wives
Why Men Rape Women 103 Leave? 123
Psychological Theory: Causes of Woman Abuse 124
Sexual Inadequacy 103
Child Abuse 125
Social-Psychological Theory:
The Nature of Child Abuse 125
Sexual Permissiveness 104
Causes of Child Abuse 126
Feminist Theory: Gender
Female Genital Mutilation 127
Inequality 105
Elder Abuse 129
Males as Victims 106
The Nature of Elder Abuse 129
Inside the Prison 106
Causes of Elder Abuse 130
Outside the Prison 107
Can Women Rape Men? 108 A Social Profile of Family
Abusers 131
Child Molestation 109
Some Basic Facts 110 A Global Perspective on Family
A Social Profile of Child Violence 132
Molesters 110
Molesting Boys 111 Theories of Family Violence 133
The Scandal of Pedophile Priests 111 Social Learning Theory 133
Stress Theory 133
Summary 113
Exchange Theory 134
Further Reading 114
Social Responses to Family
Critical Thinking Questions 115 Violence 134
Protecting Women 134
Internet Resources 115
Protecting Children 135
Protecting Elders 136
6
Family Violence 116 Summary 137
Further Reading 139
Myths about Family Violence 118
Myth 1: Family Violence Hits the Poor Critical Thinking
Only 118
Questions 140
Myth 2: Violence and Love Cannot
Happen Together 118 Internet Resources 140