Table Of Content

Tami M. Bereska Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control in Canada This page intentionally left blank Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control in Canada Fifth Edition Tami M. Bereska MacEwan University @Pearson Toronto VICE PRESIDENT, EDITORIAL: Anne Williams PHOTO PERMISSIONS RESEARCH: ACQUISITIONS EDITOR: Keriann McGoogan iEnergizerAptara®, Ltd MARKETING MANAGER: Euan \Vhite TEXT PERMISSIONS RESEARCH: CoNTENT MANAGER: Madhu Ranadive iEnergizerAptara®, Ltd PROJECT MANAGER: Christina Veeren and INTERIOR DESIGNER: iEnergizerAptara®, Ltd Colleen Wormald COVER DESIGNER: iEnergizerAptara®, Ltd CoNTENT DEVELOPER: Alanna Ferguson COVER IMAGE: Marcos Calvo Mesa/123RF MEDIA EDITOR: Alanna Ferguson VICE· PRESIDENT, CROSS MEDIA AND PUBLISHING MEDIA DEVELOPER: Bogdan Kosenko SERVICES: Gary Bennett PRODUCTION SERVICES: iEnergizerAptara®, Ltd PERMISSIONS PROJECT MANAGERS: Tanvi Bhatia and Anjali Singh Pearson Canada Inc., 26 Prince Andrew Place, North York, Ontario M3C 2H4. 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Unless ocherwise indicated herein, any third parry trademarks that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners and any references to third party trademarks, logos, or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson Canada products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Canada or its affiliates, authors, licensees, or distributors. ISBN 978-0-13-4301068 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Bereska, Tami M. (Tami Marie), 1968--, author Deviance, conformity, and social control in Canada I Tami M. Bereska. - Fifth edition. ISBN 978-0-13-430106-8 (hardcover) 1. Deviant behavior- Textbooks. 2. Conformity- Textbooks. 3. Social control- Textbooks. 4. Canada- Social conditions Textbooks. 5. Textbooks. I. Title. HM511.B47 2017 302.5'420971 C2017-904839-2 @Pearson Preface xiii Acknowledgmencs xxi Author Biography xxii Chapter 1 Determining Deviance 01 Chapter 2 Explaining Deviance: The Act 32 Chapter 3 Explaining Deviance: The Perception, Reaction, and Power 66 Chapter4 Deviance 2.0: The Role of the Media 93 Chapter 5 "Deviant" and "Normal" Sexuality 122 Chapter 6 The Troubling and Troubled World of Youth 157 Chapter 7 Looking Deviant: Physical Appearance 193 Chapter 8 Mental Disorders 226 Chapter 9 What Do You Believe? Religion, Science, and Deviance 255 Chapter 10 The "Deviance Dance" Continues 290 Glossary 308 References 3 I 9 Index 353 v This page intentionally left blank Preface xiii Acknowledgmencs xxi Author Biography xxii 1 Determining Deviance 01 Who Is Deviant? 02 The Objective/Subjective Dichotomy 03 Objectivism: Deviance as an Act 04 Subjectivism: Deviance as a Label 14 Subjectivity and the "Social Construction" of Deviance 15 The Objective-Subjective Continuum 17 Studying Deviance 20 Studying the Act: Why People Behave the Way They Do 20 Studying Social Processes: The "Deviance Dance" 21 Studying Acts and Social Processes 22 The Role of Powerful People 23 The Social Typing Process 26 Forms of Social Conrrol 27 Our Journey through This Book 30 Chapter Summary 31 2 Explaining Deviance: The Act 32 Theorizing Deviance 33 Why Do People Become Deviant? 36 Using Positivist Theories 36 Functionalist Theories: The Social Structure Creates Deviance 37 Anomie Theory: The Problem of Too Much Social Change 37 Merton's Anomie and Strain Theories: The {North) American Dream Gone Awry 41 Differential Opportunity Theory: Access to the Illegitimate World 45 Agnew's General Strain Theory: The Effect of Negative Emotions 46 Status Frustration Theory: The Middle-Class Classroom 47 Limitations of Functionalist Theories of Deviance 48 Leaming Theories: People Learn to Be Deviant 53 Differential Association Theory: Learning from Friends and Family 53 Neutralization Theory: Rationalizing Deviance 55 Social Learning Theory: Rewards, Punishments, and Imitation 57 Limitations of Learning Theories 58 Social Control Theories: What Restrains Most of Us From Deviance? 60 Social Bonds Theory: Social Bonds Restrain Us 60 Self-Control Theory: We Restrain Ourselves 61 Limitations of Social Conrrol Theories 62 Chapter Summary 64 vii 3 Explaining Deviance: The Perception, Reaction, and Power 66 Nonpositivist Theorizing 67 Interpretive Theories: Understandings of "Deviance" and "Normality" 68 Symbolic lnteractionism: Communication Creates Understanding 68 Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider 71 The Deviant Career: Progressing through Deviance 76 Limitations of Interpretive Theories 77 Critical Theories: Power Relations and Social Justice 79 Conflict Theories: Rules Serve the Interests of the Powerful 80 Power-Reflexive Theories: Knowledge Is Power 84 Feminist Theories: Deviance Is Gendered 86 Postmodern Theories: Questioning All Knowledge 87 Limitations of Critical Theories 89 Chapter Summary 91 4 Deviance 2.0: The Role of the Media 93 Why Media Matters 94 Patterns of Media Use 95 The Impact of Media on Individuals and Society 97 Studying the Media 98 Media and Individuals: Administrative Research 99 Advertising 99 Violence in the Media 101 Media and Society: Critical Research 103 The Media Frames Society 104 Media Ownership 107 Media Research and Deviance Research 108 The Media-Deviance Nexus 109 The Media Causes Deviance 110 The Media Constructs Deviance and Normality 110 Using Media for Deviance 111 Cybercrime 111 Digital Piracy 113 The Media and the Deviance Dance 115 Deviantizing the Media 118 Chapter Summary 121 5 "Deviant" and "Normal" Sexuality 122 What Is Deviant Sexuality? 123 The Cultural and Historical Construction of Sexuality 124 Traditional Indigenous Cultures: From Holism to Oppression 124 viii Contents North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality 127 Sexual Culture Today 134 Criteria for Determining Deviance 134 Consent 134 Nature of the Sexual Partner 138 Nature of the Sexual Act 141 Sexuality and the "Deviance Dance" 144 Exotic Dancing 144 Pornography 149 Prostitution 153 Chapter Summary 156 6 The Troubling and Troubled World of Youth 157 Deviant Youth: "Troubling" Youth 159 Youth Crime 159 Gang-Involved Youth 163 The "How" and "Why" of Gangs 164 The Construction of the "Gang Problem" 167 Controlling Youth Gangs and Youth Crime 168 Deviant Youth: "Troubled" Youth 172 Substance Use among Youth 172 Tobacco 174 Drug Use 177 Alcohol Use 179 Youth "At Risk" 185 Aren't All Youth Deviant? 186 The Generation Gap: The Past 187 The Generation Gap: The Present 188 The Generation Gap: The Question of the Future 190 Chapter Summary 191 7 Looking Deviant: Physical Appearance 193 Voluntary and Involuntary Physical Appearance 195 Body Modification 197 What Do Modified Bodies Tell Us? 200 Characteristics of Body Modifiers: Risk and Motivation 200 The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance 202 "Too Fat," "Too Thin," and "Ideal" 208 The Ideal Body According to Science 208 The Ideal Body According to Social Standards 210 "Too Fat": Commercialization, Societal Reaction, and Social Control 212 Perceptions of People Who Are Overweight 212 Controlling "Too Fat" 213 Consequences of Social Control 217 Contents ix