Developments in the Structural Chemistry of Alloy Phases: Based on a symposium sponsored by the Committee on Alloy Phases of the Institute of Metals Division, the Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, PDF
Preview Developments in the Structural Chemistry of Alloy Phases: Based on a symposium sponsored by the Committee on Alloy Phases of the Institute of Metals Division, the Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers,
B.C. Giessen E ditor Developments in the Structural Chemistry of Alloy Phases Based on a symposium sponsored by the Committee on Alloy Phases of the Institute of Metals Division, the Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Cleveland, Ohio, October, 1967 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY OF ALLOY PHASES The Metallurgical Society of AlME Proceedings published by Plenum Press 1968-Refractory Meta! Alloys: Metallurgy and Techno1ogy Edited by I. Machlin, R. T. Begley, and E. D. Weisert 1969-Research in Dental and Medical Materials Edited by Edward Korostoff 1969-Deve1oJ>ments in the Structural Chemistry of Alloy Phases Edited by B. C. Giessen A Publication of The Metallurgical Society of AlME DEVELOPMENTS IN THE STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY OF ALLOY PHASES Basedon a symposium sponsored by the Committee on Alloy Phases of the Institute of Metals Division, The Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Cleveland, Ohio, October, 1967. Edited by B. C. GIESSEN Department of Chemistry Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts and Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts <:f> Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC 1969 ISBN 978-1-4899-5566-1 ISBN 978-1-4899-5564-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-5564-7 © 1969 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. in 1969. Softcoverreprint of the bardeover Ist edition 1969 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 77 · 94080 FOREWORD A basic problern in the structural chernistry of alloy phases concerns the relative stability of observed and hypothetical phases with different compositions (which determines the constitution diagram) and crystal structures. The classical approach to this question has been the application (mostly qualitative) of several concepts, such as geometrical factors, electron concentrations (using a nurober of counting schernes), electronegativities, etc. Fundamentally, these concepts involve simplified aspects of a complete quantum mechanical description of the behavior of all electrons in the crystal; to be valid, they must be compatible with the quantum mechanical foundations as well as with the experimental experience. At present, the complete description cannot be carried out exactly; however, it lies hidden behind the various concepts used. The latter are somewhat rerniniscent of the parts of the legendary elephant which is only insufficiently described by its trunk, legs or tail. The maj.ority of current treatments use only the aforementioned criteria, although encouraging atternpts have been made to treat the structural problern in its entirety. There has been continued growth of the literature; this includes crystal structure determinations, which have been extended to metastable or highly complex alloy phases, electronic measurements, and frequently successful correlations of these properties with ernpirical concepts. The need persists to collect and review this information. The present volume offers comprehensive treatments of selected areas of structural alloy chemistry in which considerable progress has been made in recent years. The reviews are written from the varied Standpoints of the physicist, ehernist or materials scientist; for the reasons given above, the treatment is, of necessity, largely descriptive. The content of the book is loosely composed of three sections of related content. In the first section, which deals essentially with physical concepts underlying structure formation, there is an introductory paper representing the physicist's viewpoint. Next, an exposition of the controversial Engel-Erewer theory is given, with two written discussions on the problern of the NaTl structure, followed by a paper on the concept of partial valence electron concentration. V vi FOREWORD In the secend section, geometrical and chemical considerations are emphasized. It is composed of two papers in which extensive crystallographic work on complex alloy phases is reviewed. In the third section, there are surveys of alloy phase families related by common structure types, common constituent elements, or the common criterion of metastability. First, interstitial campeund phases are treated; next, actinide compounds are discussed systematically. Finally, a listing of terminal and intermediate nonequilibrium alloy phases is given. The contributions in this volume are based on a symposium organized by the Committee on Alloy Phases, Institute of Metals Division, the Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. The Symposium was held on October 16, 1967, in Cleveland, Ohio. In addition to the authors listed, Dr. A. U. MacRae of the Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, presented a paper on "Surface Structures by Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED)" which was withdrawn from the proceedings at the author's request. The editor is grateful for the advice and cooperation of members of the committee, especially Messrs. Karl A. Gschneidner, Jr., whose active help is sincerely appreciated, Paul A. Beck, and W. B. Pearson, as well as J. F. Smith and Austin Dwight who assisted in the planning of this symposium; Mr. Dwight also chaired one of its sessions. The editor is pleased to acknowledge partial financial support by the Office of Naval Research and editorial assistance by Mr. Dan Szymanski; he thanks Mr. J. V. Richards, Secretary of the Metallurgical Society and Mr. H. Hutchins, editor of the Journal of Metals for their efforts. Finally, he thanks the authors whose contributions made this symposium possible. CONTRIBUTORS Lawrence H. Bennett Metallurgy Division, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland A. E. Dwight Metallurgy Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois B. C. Giessen Departrnent of Chernistry, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, and Departrnent of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Carnbridge, Massachusetts Niels N. Engel Division of Metallurgy, School of Chernical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia E. Parthe School of Metallurgy and Materials Science, and Labaratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania W. B. Pearson Division of Pure Physics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada Sten Sarnson Gates and Crellin Laboratories of Chernistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California Clara B. Shoernaker Departrnent of Chernistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Carnbridge, Massachusetts vii viii CONTRIBUTORS David P. Shoemaker Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts H. H. Stadelmaier Department of Engineering Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina OFF I CERS Committee on Alloy Phases* K. A. Gschneidner, Jr., Chairman Institute of Metals Division* M. E. Fine, Chairman J. A. Fellows, Past Chairman D. J. McPherson, Senior Vice Chairman J. H. Rizley, Vice Chairman V. H. Branneky, Secretary-Treasurer The Metallurgical Society of AIME* J. H. Jackson, President A. E. Lee, Jr.' Past President M. Tenenbaum, Vice President c. c. Long, Treasurer J. V. Richards, Secretary *Officers at time of the Conference ix
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