Developments in Polymer Degradation—6

269 Pages·1985·18.346 MB·English

by  N. Grassie

DEVELOPMENTS IN POLYMER DEGRADATION-6
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 4 AND 5
Volume 4
Thermal Degradation of Poly(Phenylene Oxides). M. KRYSZEWSKI and J. JACHOWICZ
Thermal Rearrangements of Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Polymers. MoRTON A. GoLUB
Thermal Stabilisation of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) by Barium and Cadmium Stearates.
Z. VYMAZAL, E. CZAK6, K. VOLKA and J. STEPEK
Photolysis of Poly(I-(4-Substituted Phenyi)-2-Propen-1-0nes): The Norrish Type II
Reaction in Polymers. PAVOL HRDLOVIt and IVAN LuKAt
Photo and Photo-oxidative Reactions of Polystyrene and of Ring Substituted Polystyrenes.
N. A. WEIR
Hindered Amine Light Stabilisers-Their Role in the Prevention of Photo-oxidation of
Polypropylene. DARYL K. C. HODGEMAN
Fire Retardance in Cellulose Fabrics. K. KATSUURA and N. INAGAKI
The Design of Biodegradable Polymers: Two Approaches. R. D. GILBERT, V. STANNETT,
C. G. PITT and A. SCHINDLER
Index
Volume 5
Degradation Studies Involving Analysis by a Differential Distillation Technique. W. J. McGILL
The Thermal Degradation of Poly-IX-Esters. B. J. TIGHE
Degradation and Stabilisation of Polyesters. H. ZIMMERMANN
Acid-Catalysed Photoreactions: Photolytic Behaviour of Polyamides Containing Truxillic
and Truxinic Units. G. MONTAUDO and E. SCAMPORRINO
Oxidation of Polymers and Associated Thermally Stimulated Current. H. AoKI and
T. SUZUKI
Low Temperature Oxidation of Solid Polypropylene. V. A. ROGINSKY
Index
DEVELOPMENTS IN
POLYMER DEGRADATION-6
Edited by
N. GRASSIE
Chemistry Department, The University, Glasgow, V K
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Developments in polymer degradation.-6
1. Polymers and polymerization-Deterioration
-Periodicals
1. Grassie, N.
668.9 QD381.8
ISBN 978-94-010-8689-9 ISBN 978-94-009-4940-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-009-4940-9
WITH 29 TABLES ANO 109 ILLUSTRATIONS
©Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1985
Originally pub1ished by ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD in 1985
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1985
The selection and presentation of material and the opinions expressed in this publication are
the sole responsibility of the authors concerned.
Ali rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system.
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic. mechanical. photocopying. recording.
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner, Elsevier Applied
Science Publishers Ltd, Crown House, Linton Road. Barking, Essex IGII 8JU. England
PREFACE
The science of polymer degradation has many facets. Previous volumes
have included representative topics with the purpose of building up a
comprehensive picture of our current state of knowledge of the subject
and its relevance to developing technology. In this present volume, the
seven contributions represent four of the general areas of current interest,
namely, products of degradation, degradative agencies, characterisation
and the influence of the physical environment.
Detailed analyses of the products of degradation of polymers are
of particular interest because of well justified current obsessions with
toxicity, flammability and general safety of structural materials. Chapter I,
Dr Wright's review of the evolution of hydrogen fluoride from fluorine
containing elastomers, is therefore timely in view of the increasing
application of fluorine-containing polymers as relatively stable structural
materials.
The continual commercial pressure to apply polymers in more and more
aggressive environments also continues to stimulate a great deal of current
research and this is represented in Chapter 2 by Drs O'Donnell and Bowden
on the radiation degradation of sulphones and in Chapter 3 by Professor
Zaikov on the hydrolysis of a variety of polymers. The former is of
additional interest in that it carries the subject from fundamental research
to practical applications in microelectronic technology.
In the third category, Dr Henman in Chapter 4 describes a new tech
nique for the analyses of oxidised structures in polyolefines while in
Chapter 5 Professor Tiidos and his colleagues discuss recent work
v
VI PREFACE
associated with the search for the labile structures which cause instability
in poly(vinyl chloride).
It is becoming increasingly clear that the chemistry involved in polymer
degradation processes can be profoundly influenced by the physical state
of the polymer. In Chapter 6 Dr MacCallum shows, for example, how the
rate of photo-oxidation may be influenced by the viscosity of the system
while in Chapter 7 Dr Rapoport and Professor Zaikov demonstrate how
stress may influence the rates of ageing processes.
All the contributions to this volume thus clearly have broad implications
in polymer science and technology and should represent a useful addition
to topics presented in previous volumes.
N. GRASSIE
CONTENTS
Preface v
List of Contributors IX
l. The Evolution of Hydrogen Fluoride from Hydrofluoro
Elastomers
W. W. WRIGHT
2. Radiation Degradation of Poly( Olefin Sulphone)s-Fundamental
Research to Practical Applications . 21
MURRAE J. BOWDEN and JAMES H. O'DONNELL
3. Polymer Stability in Aggressive Media 63
G. E. ZAIKOV
4. Characterisation of Oxidised Polyolefines by Reaction with
Sulphur Dioxide I 07
T. J. HENMAN
5. Degradation of Virgin and Modified Chlorine Containing
Polymers 147
F. TOD6s, B. IvAN, T. KELEN and J. P. KENNEDY
6. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Photo-oxidation Processes 191
J. R. MACCALLUM
7. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Stressed Polymer 207
N. YA. RAPOPORT and G. E. ZAIKOV
Index . 259
VII
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
M URRAE J. BOWDEN
Bell Communications Research Inc., Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974,
USA.
T. J. HENMAN
Cambridge Polymer Consultants, The Me/bourn Science Park, Moat
Lane, Me/bourn, Royston, Herts SG8 6EJ, UK.
B. IVAN
Central Research Institute for Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of
Sciences, PO Box 17, Pusztaszeri ut 59-67, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary.
T. KELEN
Central Research Institute for Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of
Sciences, PO Box 17, Pusztaszeri ut 59-67, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary.
J. P. KENNEDY
Institute of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Ohio, USA.
J. R. MACCALLUM
Department of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, The Purdie
Building, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK.
ix
X LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
JAMES H. O'DONNELL
Polymer and Radiation Group, Department of Chemistry, University
of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia.
N. YA. RAPOPORT
Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR,
Kosygin Street 4, Moscow 117334, USSR.
F. TOoos
Central Research Institute for Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of
Sciences, PO Box I7, Pusztaszeri ut 59-67, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary.
W. W. WRIGHT
Materials and Structures Department, Rl78 Building, Royal Aircraft
Establishment, Farnborough, Hants GUJ4 6TD, UK.
G. E. ZAIKOV
Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR,
Kosygin Street 4, Moscow 117334, USSR.