Developments in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for civil engineering

559 Pages·2013·31.811 MB·English

by  Nasim Uddin

Developments in fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
composites for civil engineering
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and
Structural Engineering: Number 45
Developments in
fi ber-reinforced
polymer (FRP)
composites for
civil engineering
Edited by
Nasim Uddin
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
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First published 2013, Woodhead Publishing Limited
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ISBN 978-0-85709-234-2 (print)
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ISSN 2052-4714 Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering
(print)
ISSN 2052-4722 Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering
(online)
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents
Contributor contact details xiii
Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural
Engineering xix
Introduction xxiii
Part I General developments 1
1 Types of fi ber and fi ber arrangement
in fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites 3
Y. Gowayed, Auburn University, USA
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Fibers 5
1.3 Fabrics 10
1.4 Composites 14
1.5 Future trends 15
1.6 Sources of further information and advice 16
1.7 References 16
2 Biofi ber reinforced polymer composites for structural
applications 18
O. Faruk and M. Sain, University of Toronto, Canada
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Reinforcing fi bers 19
2.3 Drawbacks of biofi bers 22
2.4 Modifi cation of natural fi bers 24
2.5 Matrices for biocomposites 26
2.6 Processing of biofi ber-reinforced plastic composites 31
2.7 Performance of biocomposites 36
2.8 Future trends 43
2.9 Conclusion 45
2.10 References 46
v
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vi Contents
3 Advanced processing techniques for composite
materials for structural applications 54
R. El-Hajjar, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA,
H. Tan, Hewlett-Packard Company, USA and K. M. Pillai,
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Manual layup 54
3.3 Plate bonding 55
3.4 Preforming 56
3.5 Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) 57
3.6 Pultruded composites 65
3.7 Automated fi ber placement 69
3.8 Future trends 71
3.9 Sources of further information 72
3.10 References 72
4 Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) for
external strengthening of structures 77
N. Uddin, S. Cauthen, L. Ramos and U. K. Vaidya,
The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 The limitations of hand layup techniques 79
4.3 Comparing hand layup and vacuum assisted resin transfer
molding (VARTM) 81
4.4 Analyzing load, strain, defl ections, and failure modes 83
4.5 Flexural fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapped beams 86
4.6 Shear and fl exural fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapped
beams 90
4.7 Comparing hand layup and vacuum assisted resin transfer
molding (VARTM): results and discussion 94
4.8 Case study: I-565 Highway bridge girder 97
4.9 Conclusion and future trends 111
4.10 Acknowledgment 113
4.11 References 113
5 Failure modes in structural applications of
fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
and their prevention 115
O. Gunes, Cankaya University, Turkey
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 Failures in structural engineering applications of
fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites 116
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents vii
5.3 Strategies for failure prevention 123
5.4 Non-destructive testing (NDT) and structural health
monitoring (SHM) for inspection and monitoring 129
5.5 Future trends 140
5.6 Conclusion 141
5.7 Acknowledgment 141
5.8 Sources of further information 142
5.9 References 143
6 Assessing the durability of the interface between
fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites and
concrete in the rehabilitation of reinforced concrete
structures 148
J. Wang, The University of Alabama, USA
6.1 Introduction 148
6.2 Interface stress analysis of the fi ber-reinforced polymer
(FRP)-to-concrete interface 149
6.3 Fracture analysis of the fi ber-reinforced polymer
(FRP)-to-concrete interface 155
6.4 Durability of the fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP)–concrete
interface 163
6.5 References and further reading 171
Part II Particular types and applications 175
7 Advanced fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
for civil engineering applications 177
S. Moy, University of Southampton, UK
7.1 Introduction 177
7.2 The use of fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials in
construction 178
7.3 Practical applications in buildings 181
7.4 Future trends 202
7.5 Sources of further information 203
7.6 References 204
8 Hybrid fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for
structural applications 205
D. Lau, City University of Hong Kong, P. R. China
8.1 Introduction 205
8.2 Hybrid fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforced concrete
beams: internal reinforcement 207
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viii Contents
8.3 Hybrid fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in bridge
construction 218
8.4 Future trends 221
8.5 Sources of further information 222
8.6 References 223
9 Design of hybrid fi ber-reinforced polymer
(FRP)/autoclave aerated concrete (AAC) panels for
structural applications 226
N. Uddin, M. A. Mousa, U. Vaidya and F. H. Fouad,
The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
9.1 Introduction 226
9.2 Performance issues with fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP)/
autoclave aerated concrete (AAC) panels 227
9.3 Materials, processing, and methods of investigation 229
9.4 Comparing different panel designs 233
9.5 Analytical modeling of fi ber-reinforced polymer
(FRP)/autoclave aerated concrete (AAC) panels 237
9.6 Design graphs for fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP)/autoclave
aerated concrete (AAC) panels 239
9.7 Conclusion 244
9.8 Acknowledgment 244
9.9 References 244
9.10 Appendix A: λ calculations for fi ber-reinforced polymer
(FRP)/autoclave aerated concrete (AAC) using
unidirectional fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
facesheets (UFFS) 245
9.11 Appendix B: symbols 246
10 Impact behavior of hybrid fi ber-reinforced polymer
(FRP)/autoclave aerated concrete (AAC) panels for
structural applications 247
N. Uddin, M. A. Mousa and F. H. Fouad, The University
of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
10.1 Introduction 247
10.2 Low velocity impact (LVI) and sandwich structures 249
10.3 Materials and processing 250
10.4 Analyzing sandwich structures using the energy balance
model (EBM) 253
10.5 Low velocity impact (LVI) testing 255
10.6 Results of impact testing 258
10.7 Analysis using the energy balance model (EBM) 266
10.8 Conclusion 269
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents ix
10.9 Acknowledgment 269
10.10 References 270
10.11 Appendix: symbols 271
11 Innovative fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
for disaster-resistant buildings 272
N. Uddin and M. A. Mousa, The University of Alabama
at Birmingham, USA
11.1 Introduction 272
11.2 Traditional and advanced panelized construction 273
11.3 Innovative composite structural insulated panels (CSIPs) 274
11.4 Designing composite structural insulated panels (CSIPs)
for building applications under static loading 279
11.5 Composite structural insulated panels (CSIPs) as
a disaster-resistant building panel 288
11.6 Conclusion 299
11.7 Acknowledgment 299
11.8 References 299
12 Thermoplastic composite structural insulated panels
(CSIPs) for modular panelized construction 302
N. Uddin, A. Vaidya, U. Vaidya and S. Pillay,
The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
12.1 Introduction 302
12.2 Traditional structural insulated panel (SIP) construction 304
12.3 Joining of precast panels in modular buildings 305
12.4 Manufacturing of composite structural insulated panels
(CSIPs) 307
12.5 Connections for composite structural insulated panels
(CSIPs) 311
12.6 Conclusion 315
12.7 Acknowledgment 315
12.8 References 315
13 Thermoplastic composites for bridge structures 317
N. Uddin, A. M. Abro, J. D. Purdue and U. Vaidya,
The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
13.1 Introduction 317
13.2 Manufacturing process for thermoplastic composites 318
13.3 Bridge deck designs 320
13.4 Design case studies 323
13.5 Comparing bridge deck designs 329
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x Contents
13.6 Prefabricated wraps for bridge columns 332
13.7 Compression loading of bridge columns 333
13.8 Impact loading of bridge columns 338
13.9 Conclusion 343
13.10 Acknowledgment 345
13.11 References 345
14 Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for bridge
superstructures 347
Y. Kitane, Nagoya University, Japan and A. J. Aref,
University at Buffalo – The State University of New York,
USA
14.1 Introduction 347
14.2 Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) applications in bridge
structures 351
14.3 Hybrid fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP)–concrete bridge
superstructure 356
14.4 Conclusion 378
14.5 References 379
15 Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for
strengthening steel structures 382
M. Dawood, University of Houston, USA
15.1 Introduction 382
15.2 Conventional repair techniques and advantages of
fi ber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites 383
15.3 Flexural rehabilitation of steel and steel–concrete
composite beams 386
15.4 Bond behavior 394
15.5 Repair of cracked steel members 399
15.6 Stabilizing slender steel members 400
15.7 Case studies and fi eld applications 401
15.8 Future trends 402
15.9 Sources of further information 404
15.10 References 405
16 Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
in environmental engineering applications 410
R. Liang and G. Hota, West Virginia University, USA
16.1 Introduction 410
16.2 Advantages and environmental benefi ts of fi ber-reinforced
polymer (FRP) composites 412
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013