Developments in Central and East European Politics 2

332 Pages·1998·80.643 MB·English

by  Stephen White, Judy Batt, Paul G. Lewis (eds.)

Developments in Central and East European Politics 2
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Developments in Central
and East European Politics
2
Edited by
Stephen White
Judy Batt
Paul G. Lewis
Selection and editorial matter© Stephen White, Judy Batt
and Paul G. Lewis 1998
Individual chapters (in order) © Judy Batt, Paul G. Lewis,
Tom Gallagher, Sarah Birch, Judy Batt and Kataryna Wolczuk,
Ray Taras, David M. Olson, Gordon Wightman, Krzysztof Jasiewicz,
George Blazyca, Terry Cox, Chris Corrin, Adrian Hyde-Price,
Richard Rose, 1998
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The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the
authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988.
First published 1998 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
ISBN 978-0-333-72672-3 ISBN 978-1-349-26589-3 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-349-26589-3
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and
made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98
Copy-edited and typeset by Povey-Edmondson
Tavistock and Rochdale, England
This book is a direct replacement for Developments in East European
Politics, published 1993, reprinted 3 times.
Contents
List of Tables and Figures IX
Notes on the Contributors xi
Preface XIV
Map of Central and Eastern Europe xvi
1 Introduction: Defining Central and Eastern Europe 1
Judy Batt
Peoples and Borders, Nations and States 1
Communism, Nationalism and Democratisation 7
About This Book 14
PART ONE: PATTERNS OF POLITICS
2 East-Central Europe: The Czech Republic, Slovakia, 23
Hungary and Poland Paul G. Lewis
The End of Communist Rule 26
The Postcommunist System 29
Contemporary Issues 37
3 The Balkans: Bulgaria, Romania, Albania and the Former 43
Yugoslavia Tom Gallagher
Balkan Communism 44
The Politics of Elections 48
The Culture of Nationalism 51
Continuing Crises of Legitimacy 53
Towards a Stable Postcommunist Order? 56
4 In the Shadow of Moscow: Ukraine, Moldova and the 59
Baltic Republics Sarah Birch
Historical Background and the Break-up of the Soviet
Union 61
The Post-Soviet States 66
Current Issues 70
Conclusion 79
v
vi Contents
PART Two: TuE CoNTEMPORARY PoLITICAL SYSTEM
5 Redefining the State: The Constitutional Process 83
Judy Batt and Kataryna Wolczuk
From Communist Constitutions to Constitution-Making 86
A Case Study: Poland 90
The Special Case of Federal States 93
Constitutions, Nationalism and State-Building 96
6 The Politics of Leadership Ray Taras 103
Leadership Confronted with Resurgent Representative
Institutions 103
Factors Shaping Executive Power 106
Models of Executive Power 108
The Background of East European Leadership 111
Models of Leadership among the East European States 112
Conclusion 123
7 The Parliaments of New Democracies and the Politics of 126
Representation David M. Olson
Profile of Parliaments 127
Parliaments in the Double Transition: Democracy and
Statehood 129
Elections and Political Parties 131
Members 133
Internal Organisation and Procedures 134
The Other Chambers 139
Executives, Governments, and Presidents 142
Transitional Legislatures in Transitional Democratic
Political Systems 143
Emerging Types of Postcommunist Legislatures 145
8 Parties and Politics Gordon Wightman 147
Parties in Postcommunist Central and Eastern Europe 148
Sources of Party Strength and Weakness 158
Conclusion 164
9 Elections and Voting Behaviour Krzysztof Jasiewicz 166
Electoral Legitimation and Regime Transition 168
Seats and Votes: The Politics of Electoral Reform 17 5
The Politics of Democratic Consolidation 179
Contents Vll
PART THREE: THE PoLITics oF THE PoLicY PRocEss
10 The Politics of Economic Transformation 191
George Blazyca
The Decline of Central Planning 191
Rebuilding the Economy: A Diversity of Experiences in
the 1990s 195
Outcomes 207
11 The Politics of Social Change Terry Cox 216
Aspects of the Social Inequality Under Communist Rule 218
Social Inequality and Economic Transformation 219
Unemployment 222
Poverty 225
A New Middle Class? 228
Political Responses 230
12 The Politics of Gender Chris Corrin 234
Gendered Inequalities 235
Rights and Duties: Production and Reproduction 240
Transitional Debates 242
Social Change and Women's Organisation 246
Conclusion 250
PART FouR: CENTRAL AND EASTERN EuROPE AND THE WIDER
WoRLD
13 Patterns oflnternational Politics Adrian Hyde-Price 255
The Changing Geopolitics of Central and Eastern
Europe 256
The Pluralisation of Central and Eastern Europe 258
Regional Cooperation: East-Central Europe, the Baltic
and the Black Sea 261
'Return to Europe': The International Dimension 264
Security in Central and Eastern Europe 267
The Antinomies of Central and Eastern Europe 273
14 Prospects for Democracy in Postcommunist 276
Europe Richard Rose
Free, Partly Free and the Unfree Successor States 279
viii Contents
Patterns of Change 282
What About Undemocratic Alternatives? 289
Catching Up or Divergence? 290
Further Reading 296
Bibliography 300
Index 319
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
1.1 Peoples of Central and Eastern Europe under imperial
rule in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 3
1.2 Religious traditions in Central and Eastern Europe 16
1.3 Major languages spoken in Central and Eastern
Europe 17
2.1 Basic data: East Central Europe, 1996 24
2.2 Slovak parliamentary elections, September/October
1994 32
2.3 Czech parliamentary elections, May/June 1996 33
2.4 Hungarian parliamentary elections, May 1994 34
2.5 Polish parliamentary elections, September 1997 36
3.1 Basic data: the Balkans, 1996 44
3.2 Croatian parliamentary elections, 1995 49
3.3 Bulgarian parliamentary elections, 1997 55
3.4 Romanian parliamentary elections, 1996 56
4.1 Basic data: the Post-Soviet States, 1996 60
4.2 Ukrainian parliamentary elections, 1994 72
4.3 Moldovan parliamentary elections, 1994 72
4.4 Estonian parliamentary elections, 1995 73
4.5 Latvian parliamentary elections, 1995 73
4.6 Lithuanian parliamentary elections, 1996 74
6.1 Presidencies in Central and Eastern Europe 113
7.1 Structural profile of Central and East European
parliaments 128
7.2 The other chamber in Central and Eastern Europe 140
9.1 Electoral systems in Central and Eastern Europe 176
10.1 A snapshot of Central and East European economies
in 1989 and 1990 196
10.2 Polish shock therapy: official expectations versus
actual outcomes 199
10.3 Transformation progress 210
Appendix 10.1 Central and East European economies:
output performance in the first phase of
transformation, 1990-5 213
ix