Developmental Psychology : Childhood and Adolescence , Eighth Edition

785 Pages·2009·25.92 MB·English

by  David R. Shaffer

Developmental
Psychology
Childhood and
Adolescence
eighth edition
David R. Shaffer
University of Georgia
Katherine Kipp
Gainesville State College
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Eighth Edition
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
Dedicated to
David F. Bjorklund, PhD
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Brief Contents
PART I INTRODUCTION TO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology
and Its Research Strategies 1
Chapter 2 Theories of Human Development 41
PART II BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DEVELOPMENT 77
Chapter 3 Hereditary Infl uences on Development 77
Chapter 4 Prenatal Development and Birth 119
Chapter 5 Infancy 161
Chapter 6 Physical Development: The Brain, Body, Motor Skills,
and Sexual Development 199
PART III COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 249
Chapter 7 Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Theory and Vygotsky’s
Sociocultural Viewpoint 249
Chapter 8 Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives 299
Chapter 9 Intelligence: Measuring Mental Performance 343
Chapter 10 Development of Language and Communication Skills 387
PART IV SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT 429
Chapter 11 Emotional Development, Temperament, and Attachment 429
Chapter 12 Development of the Self and Social Cognition 479
Chapter 13 Sex Differences and Gender-Role Development 525
Chapter 14 Aggression, Altruism, and Moral Development 565
PART V THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT 609
Chapter 15 The Context of Development 609
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Contents
PART I INTRODUCTION TO
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental
Psychology and Its Research Strategies 1
Introduction to Developmental Psychology 2
What Is Development? 2
Research Strategies: Basic Methods and Designs 8
Research Methods in Child and Adolescent Development 8
Detecting Relationships: Correlational, Experimental, and Cross-Cultural Designs 19
FOCUS ON RESEARCH • A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Gender Roles 26
Research Strategies and Studying Development 28
Research Designs for Studying Development 28
Ethical Considerations in Developmental Research 34
APPLYING RESEARCH TO YOUR LIFE • Becoming a Wise Consumer
of Developmental Research 36
Summary 37
Practice Quiz 38
Key Terms 39
Media Resources 39
Chapter 2 Theories of Human Development 41
The Nature of Scientifi c Theories 41
The Psychoanalytic Viewpoint 42
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory 42
Contributions and Criticisms of Freud’s Theory 43
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development 44
Contributions and Criticisms of Erikson’s Theory 45
Psychoanalytic Theory Beyond Freud and Erikson 46
The Learning Viewpoint 46
Watson’s Behaviorism 46
Skinner’s Operant Learning Theory 47
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory 48
FOCUS ON RESEARCH • An Example of Observational Learning 50
Contributions and Criticisms of Learning Theories 51
The Cognitive-Developmental Viewpoint 53
Piaget’s View of Intelligence and Intellectual Growth 54
Contributions and Criticisms of Piaget’s Viewpoint 55
Sociocultural Infl uences: Lev Vygotsky’s Viewpoint 56
The Information-Processing Viewpoint 57
Contributions and Criticisms of the Information-Processing Viewpoint 57
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viii Contents
The Ethological and Evolutionary Viewpoints 58
Assumptions of Classical Ethology 58
Ethology and Human Development 59
Modern Evolutionary Theory 60
Contributions and Criticisms of Ethological and Evolutionary Viewpoints 61
FOCUS ON RESEARCH • Is Altruism Part of Human Nature? 62
The Ecological Systems Viewpoint 62
Bronfenbrenner’s Contexts for Development 63
Contributions and Criticisms of Ecological Systems Theory 67
Themes in the Study of Human Development 68
The Nature/Nurture Theme 68
The Active/Passive Theme 69
The Continuity/Discontinuity Theme 69
The Holistic Nature of Development Theme 70
Summary 72
Practice Quiz 74
Key Terms 75
Media Resources 75
PART II BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
OF DEVELOPMENT 77
Chapter 3 Hereditary Infl uences on Development 77
Principles of Hereditary Transmission 77
The Genetic Material 77
Growth of the Zygote and Production of Body Cells 78
The Germ (or Sex) Cells 79
FOCUS ON RESEARCH • Crossing-Over and Chromosome
Segregation During Meiosis 80
Multiple Births 82
Male or Female? 83
What Do Genes Do? 83
How Are Genes Expressed? 84
APPLYING RESEARCH TO YOUR LIFE • Examples of Dominant
and Recessive Traits in Human Heredity 86
Hereditary Disorders 89
Chromosomal Abnormalities 90
Genetic Abnormalities 92
Predicting, Detecting, and Treating Hereditary Disorders 93
APPLYING RESEARCH TO YOUR LIFE • Ethical Issues Surrounding
Treatments for Hereditary Disorders 97
Hereditary Infl uences on Behavior 98
Behavioral Genetics 99
Theories of Heredity and Environment Interactions in Development 108
Contributions and Criticisms of the Behavioral Genetics Approach 112
Applying Developmental Themes to Hereditary Infl uences on Development 114
Summary 115
Practice Quiz 116
Key Terms 117
Media Resources 117
Contents ix
Chapter 4 Prenatal Development and Birth 119
From Conception to Birth 120
The Period of the Zygote 120
The Period of the Embryo 122
The Period of the Fetus 122
Potential Problems in Prenatal Development 126
Teratogens 126
Characteristics of the Pregnant Woman 138
FOCUS ON RESEARCH • Fetal Programming Theory 139
Prevention of Birth Defects 143
Birth and the Perinatal Environment 144
The Birth Process 144
The Baby’s Experience 145
Labor and Delivery Medications 147
The Social Environment Surrounding Birth 147
APPLYING RESEARCH TO YOUR LIFE • Cultural and Historical Variations
in Birthing Practices 148
Potential Problems at Birth 151
Anoxia 151
Prematurity and Low Birth Weight 152
Reproductive Risk and Capacity for Recovery 155
Applying Developmental Themes to Prenatal Development and Birth 156
Summary 157
Practice Quiz 158
Key Terms 159
Media Resources 159
Chapter 5 Infancy 161
The Newborn’s Readiness for Life 161
Newborn Refl exes 162
Infant States 164
Developmental Changes in Infant States 164
APPLYING RESEARCH TO YOUR LIFE • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 166
APPLYING RESEARCH TO YOUR LIFE • Methods of Soothing a Fussy Baby 167
Research Methods Used to Study the Infant’s Sensory and Perceptual Experiences 168
The Preference Method 169
The Habituation Method 169
The Method of Evoked Potentials 170
The High-Amplitude Sucking Method 170
Infant Sensory Capabilities 171
Hearing 171
FOCUS ON RESEARCH • Causes and Consequences of Hearing Loss 173
Taste and Smell 174
Touch, Temperature, and Pain 174
Vision 175
Visual Perception in Infancy 176
Perception of Patterns and Forms 177
Perception of Three-Dimensional Space 179
Intermodal Perception 182
Are the Senses Integrated at Birth? 182
Development of Intermodal Perception 183
Explaining Intermodal Perception 184