Developmental Problems of Childhood and Adolescence: Prevention, Treatment and Training

334 Pages·2005·1.09 MB·English

by  Martin Herbert

Developmental Problems of Childhood
and Adolescence
For my good friends and fellow musicians: Arthur,
Colin and Reg
Developmental
Problems of Childhood
and Adolescence
Prevention, Treatment and Training
Martin Herbert
© 2005 by Martin Herbert
A BPS Blackwell book
BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
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First published 2005 by The British Psychological Society and Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Herbert, Martin.
Developmental problems of childhood and adolescence prevention, treatment, and
training / Martin Herbert.—1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1–4051–1592–0 (pbk : alk. paper)
1. Developmental disabilities. 2. Abnormalities, Human. 3. Child psychopathology.
4. Adolescent psychopathology. 5. Developmentally disabled children. 6. Children
with disabilities—Development. I. Title.
RJ135.H56 2005
618.92¢8588—dc22 2004024917
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
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Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction 1
Definitions 1
Causation (Aetiology) 5
Treatment and Training 6
Prevention 7
Treatment and Prevention 8
Conclusion 9
PART I Developmental Problems Before,
During and After Birth 11
1 The Prenatal Period: Genetic Disorders and Disabilities 13
Impact on Intellectual Development 13
Impact on Physical Development 16
Impact on Behaviour 19
Impact on Sexual Development 22
Prevention of Inherited Conditions 27
2 The Uterine Period: Before, During and After Birth 33
Psychological Stressors 33
Biological Adversity: Smoking and Alcohol in Pregnancy 34
vi Contents
Prevention of Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Pregnancy 39
Congenital Conditions 40
3 The Perinatal and Neonatal Periods 43
Birth 43
Congenital Brain Injuries 46
Genetic Disorders Remediable after Birth 50
Fatal Postnatal Disorders 54
Premature Birth 58
PART II Developmental Disorders of Infancy
and Toddlerhood 69
4 Attachment Difficulties and Disorders 75
Introduction 75
Failed Attachments 76
Delayed Attachments 77
Inappropriate Attachments 77
Insecure Attachments 78
Dysfunctional Parenthood 80
Depressed Parenting 91
5 Atypical Motor Development 94
Muscular Dystrophies 94
6 Problems of Social Training 102
Toilet Training Problems 102
Socialization Failures 106
PART III Developmental Disorders of the
Pre-school Years 113
7 Early Growth and Feeding Problems 117
Problems of Physical Growth 117
Feeding Difficulties 122
8 Atypical Speech and Communication 124
Specific Language Impairment (SLI) 124
Absence or Delay of Speech 125
Contents vii
9 Intellectual Disabilities 133
Introduction to Intellectual Disabilities 133
Down’s Syndrome 136
PART IV The Transition to School 147
10 Anxious Children at School 151
Selective Mutism 151
School Refusal 152
11 Generalized Anxiety Disorders 156
‘Normal’ Fears and Anxieties 156
Clinical Anxiety (Generalized) Disorders 157
Obsessive Compulsive Disorders 160
12 Children with Educational and Physical Disabilities at School 164
Educational Difficulties 164
Physical Disorders 167
Neurological and Neuro-Developmental Disorders 170
Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) 184
Sensory Impairments 190
PART V Late Childhood and Early Adolescence 199
13 The Transition to Adolescence 203
Self- and Body-Image Problems 203
Risky Sexual Activity 207
Depression 209
14 Conduct Disorders and Delinquency 215
Conduct Disorders 215
Delinquency 223
PART VI How and Where to Find Help 227
15 The Care-Plan Formulation 229
Introduction 229
The Formulation Procedure 230
Assessment 231
viii Contents
16 Service Provision: How and Where to Find Help 239
Epidemiology 239
Primary Care Services 240
Tertiary Care Services 241
Community Support Services 242
Individual Support Services 246
Practice Approaches 248
Treatment and Prevention 252
Epilogue 254
Psychosocial Prevention and Treatment 254
Physical Prevention and Treatment 256
Social Awareness 256
Conclusion 257
Appendix I The Statement of Special Need 258
Appendix II Needs of Developmentally Disabled Children and
their Families 263
Appendix III Assessment 267
Appendix IV Resource Material 273
Appendix V Typical Development Summaries 277
References 282
Author Index 300
Subject Index 305
Preface
I very much regretted, when completing my book Typical and Atypical Develop-
ment: From Conception to Adolescence, that I could not follow up the discussion
of normal child development, and the diagnosis and causation of developmental
disorders, with an account of prevention, treatment and training issues. It was
not possible, in one volume, to do justice to the vast range of theories, inter-
ventions and resources available to multi-disciplinary professionals working with
children and adolescents in need of help.
I hope, in the following chapters, to make good those omissions by describ-
ing the major approaches available to remedy or prevent the disorders listed below.
At times my choice of where best to place the discussion of particular physical
and mental health problems is somewhat arbitrary as they have their effect at
various ages. I have been guided, as far as possible, by the time of life when they
are first detected, become observable, or when their impact proves to be par-
ticularly disabling. Some are transient but recur; others constitute the kinds of
disability that engender special needs throughout the life span. Among the
disabilities included are:
• pervasive developmental disorders (e.g. autism);
• genetic disorders (e.g. Down’s syndrome; Turner’s syndrome);
• physical disorders and impairments (e.g. bronchial asthma, cystic fibrosis;
cerebral palsy and sensory impairments);
• intellectual disabilities (learning difficulties);
• neuro-developmental disorders (e.g. epilepsy, AD/HD);
• emotional and behavioural disorders (e.g. phobic anxiety, conduct disorder,
delinquency);