Developmental Biology: A Comprehensive Synthesis: Volume 6: Genomic Adaptability in Somatic Cell Specialization PDF
Preview Developmental Biology: A Comprehensive Synthesis: Volume 6: Genomic Adaptability in Somatic Cell Specialization
Developmental Biology A COMPREHENSIVE SYNTHESIS Volume 6 Genomic Adaptability in Somatic Cell Specialization Developmental Biology A COMPREHENSIVE SYNTHESIS Editor LEON W. BROWDER University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada Editorial Board EVERETT ANDERSON ELIZABETH D. HAY Harvard Medical School Harvard Medical School JOSEPH T. BAGNARA RALPH S. QUATRANO The University of Arizona The DuPont Company SAMUEL H. BARONDES RUDOLF A. RAFF University of California at San Francisco Indiana University ANTONIE W. BLACKLER L. DENNIS SMITH Cornell University University of California at Irvine MARIE A. DiBERARDINO IAN M. SUSSEX The Medical College of Pennsylvania Yale University RALPH B. L. GWATKIN The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Volume 1 OOGENESIS Edited by Leon W. Browder Volume 2 THE CELLULAR BASIS OF MORPHOGENESIS Edited by Leon W. Browder Volume 3 THE CELL SURFACE IN DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER Edited by Malcolm S. Steinberg Volume 4 MANIPULATION OF MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT Edited by Ralph B. 1. Gwatkin Volume 5 THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF CELL DETERMINATION AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION Edited by Leon W. Browder Volume 6 GENOMIC ADAPTABILITY IN SOMATIC CELL SPECIALIZATION Edited by Marie A. DiBerardino and Laurence D. Etkin http://avaxhome.ws/blogs/ChrisRedfield Developmental Biology A COMPREHENSIVE SYNTHESIS Volume 6 Genomic Adaptability in SOIllatic Cell Specialization Edited by MARIE A. DiBERARDINO The Medical College of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and LAURENCE D. ETKIN University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Revised for vol. 6) Developmental biology. Vol. 3 edited by Malcolm S. Steinberg; v. 4 edited by Ralph B. 1. Gwatkin; v. 6 edited by Marie A. DiBerardino and Laurence D. Etkin. Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v.i. Oogenesis - v. 2. The cellular basis of morphogenesis - (etc.]-v. 6. Genomic adaptability in somatic cell specialization. 1. Developmental biology. 1. Browder, Leon W. QH491.D426 1985 574.3 85-3406 Cover illustration: Artist's rendition of the genetic control of development juxtaposed with modulations of the cell phenotype. © 1989 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1989 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors S. C. Barton Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Animal Phys iology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England Leon W. Browder University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 Marie A. DiBerardino Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, The Med ical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129 Christine Dreyer Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Depart ment for Cell Biology, D-7400 Tiibingen, Federal Republic of Germany Laurence D. Etkin Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030 Morgan Harris Department of Zoology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 John J. Heikkila University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1 S. K. Howlett Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Animal Phys iology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England David S. McDevitt Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medi cine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6045 Robert Gilmore McKinnell Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Univer sity of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108-1095 Robert W. Nickells University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 M. L. Norris Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Animal Phys iology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England Michael Pollock University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 David M. Prescott Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Bi ology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0347 v vi Contributors w. Reik Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Animal Phys iology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England M. A. H. Surani Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England Robert S. Winning University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3Gl Foreword I am pleased to include this book as Volume 6 of Developmental Biology: A Comprehensive Synthesis. It has been edited by two of the foremost investiga tors in the study of genomic adaptability. lowe a special debt of gratitude to Dr. Marie A. DiBerardino, who developed the concept of the volume. Dr. DiBerar dino is also a very active member of the editorial board for this series. Much of the success of this series is due to her valuable advice. This series was established to create comprehensive treatises on specific topics in developmental biology. Such volumes serve a useful role in develop mental biology, since it is a very diverse field that receives contributions from a wide variety of disciplines. This series is a meeting ground for the various practitioners of this science, facilitating an integration of heterogeneous infor mation on specific topics. Each volume is intended to provide the conceptual basis for a comprehen sive understanding of its topic as well as analysis of the key experiments upon which that understanding is based. The specialist in any aspect of developmen tal biology should understand the experimental background of the field and be able to place that body of information in context to ascertain where additional research would be fruitful. At that point, the creative process generates new experiments. This series is intended to be a vital link in that process of learning and discovery. Leon W. Browder vii Preface The intent of this volume is to focus on the genetic mechanisms of somatic cell specialization in animals and the ability to modulate their differentiated cel lular phenotypes. We considered it timely to undertake this project because the fundamental question of genetic totipotency of somatic cells has never been answered; in fact, with the application of molecular techniques, more cases of irreversible genetic changes are being revealed. Thus, the extent of irreversible genetic changes concomitant with cell differentiation in animals remains unknown. The contributors to this volume show that various genetic mechanisms have evolved that control somatic cell specialization (Chapters 1-4). While some cases involve alterations in the genome, most cell specializations appear not to involve genomic changes. This latter hypothesis is examined in various experimental systems (Chapters 5-9) that show that many silent genes can be activated in normal and cancer cells and that, in special cases, even nearly an entire genome can be activated. The collective studies indicate that genomic multipotentiality is widespread among the animal phyla. Future exploitation of the systems described, as well as others, should permit analysis of the regulato ry factors involved in activating not only single genes but also those responsi ble for activating an entire genome. We thank the authors for contributing to our current knowledge of genomic adaptability in somatic cell specialization. Marie A. DiBerardino Laurence D. Etkin ix Contents Chapter 1 • Introduction: Early Development and Cell Commitment Laurence D. Etkin 1. Introduction................................................... 1 2. The Genome during Development.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3. Regulation of Early Development and Cell Specialization. . . . . . . . . . 2 4. Specification and Stability of Cell Lineages in Early Embryogenesis 4 5. Changes or Modulations of Cell Phenotype in Determined and Differentiated Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6. Molecular Mechanisms of Gene Regulation and Heritability of the Determined or Differentiated State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Chapter 2 • DNA Gains, Losses, and Rearrangements in Eukaryotes David M. Prescott 1. Introduction................................................... 13 2. Gain of DNA Sequences.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3. Rearrangement of DNA Sequences... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 16 4. Loss of DNA Sequences. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5. The Ciliate Genome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6. Conclusions.................................................... 26 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Chapter 3 • Fate and Nuclear Localization of Germinal Vesicle Proteins during Embryogenesis Christine Dreyer 1. Oogenesis...................................................... 31 2. Oocyte Maturation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3. Fate of Oocyte Nuclear Proteins after Fertilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 xi xii Contents 4. Nuclear Differentiation during Organogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5. Summary and Prospects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Chapter 4 • Genomic Imprinting in the Mouse S. K. Howlett, W. Reik, S. C. Barton, M. L. Norris, and M. A. H. Surani 1. Introduction................................................... 59 2. Nuclear Totipotency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3. Development of Eggs with Only Maternal Genomes ............... 62 4. Development of Eggs with Only Paternal Genomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5. Is the Parental Origin of Early Embryonic Nuclei Remembered? . . . . 65 6. Embryo Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 7. Chromosomal Imprinting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 8. Probing Imprinted Domains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 9. Conclusions.................................................... 74 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Chapter 5 • Phenotypic Changes in Cell Culture Morgan Harris 1. Introduction................................................... 79 2. Modulative Shifts in Phenotype. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3. Stable Changes in Gene Expression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4. Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Chapter 6 • Developmental Regulation of the Heat-Shock Response Leon W. Browder, Michael Pollock, Robert W. Nickells, John J. Heikkila, and Robert S. Winning 1. Introduction................................................... 97 2. The Heat-Shock Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3. Developmental Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 106 4. Conclusions.................................................... 140 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 140
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