Development Strategies, Identities, and Conflict in Asia

357 Pages·2013·1.979 MB·English

by  William Ascher, Natalia Mirovitskaya (eds.)

Development Strategies, Identities, and
Conflict in Asia
POLITICS, ECONOMICS, AND INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT
Series Editors
William Ascher , Claremont McKenna College
John M. Heff ron , Soka University of America
Natalia Mirovitskaya , Duke University
Th e Politics, Economics, and Inclusive Development series examines the challenges and progress in
promoting humanistic development. Th e complex tasks of simultaneously pursuing economic
growth, broad participation and equity, democratic peace, and sustainability require scholarship
that merges in-depth analysis of the many factors that infl uence development outcomes with
contextually rich experiences. Th e single- or multiauthored monographs use an interdisciplinary
methodology to explore diverse experiences of individual nations, world regions, or the entire
global system in their quest for more democratic, technically sound, and sustainable develop-
ment. Th e publications from the Politics, Economics, and Inclusive Development series will be
valuable to students, scholars, policymakers, and international development practitioners.
Economic Development Strategies and the Evolution of Violence in Latin America
Edited by William Ascher and Natalia Mirovitskaya
Development Strategies, Identities, and Confl ict in Asia
Edited by William Ascher and Natalia Mirovitskaya
Development Strategies,
Identities, and Conflict in Asia
Edited by
William Ascher and Natalia Mirovitskaya
Prepared under the auspices of the
Pacific Basin Research Center.
Soka University of America
ISBN 978-1-349-46144-8 ISBN 978-1-137-33176-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137331762
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, IDENTITIES, AND CONFLICT IN ASIA
Copyright © William Ascher and Natalia Mirovitskaya, 2013.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-33175-5
All rights reserved.
First published in 2013 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world ,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
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ISBN: 978–1–137–33175–5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Development strategies, identities, and confl ict in Asia / edited by
William Ascher and Natalia S. Mirovitskaya.
pages cm.—(Politics, economics, and inclusive development)
“Prepared under the auspices of the Pacifi c Basin Research Center,
Soka University of America.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–1–137–33175–5 (hardback)
1. Asia—Economic policy. 2. Economic development—Asia.
3. Violence—Economic aspects—Asia. 4. Ethnic confl ict—Economic
aspects—Asia. 5. Social confl ict—Economic aspects—Asia. I. Ascher,
William, editor of compilation. II. Mirovitskaia, N. S. (Nataliia Sergeevna),
editor of compilation.
HC412.D475 2013
338.95—dc23 2012049570
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: June 2013
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To the memory of Sheila Ascher Glassman, mother, and
compassionate teacher of thousands of needy students —WA
With gratitude to Gail Osherenko and Oran Young,
who in the winter of 1989 came to my office in
Moscow and changed my world —NM
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Contents
List of Illustrations i x
Preface and Acknowledgments x i
List of Contributors xiii
Chapter 1 War, Peace, and Many Shades in Between: Asia in
the New Millennium 1
William Ascher and Natalia Mirovitskaya
Chapter 2 The Nexus of Economic Strategies and Intergroup
Conflict in Asia 47
William Ascher and Natalia Mirovitskaya
Chapter 3 Tribal Participation in India’s Maoist Insurgency:
Examining the Role of Economic Development Policies 99
Sumit Ganguly and Jennifer Oetken
Chapter 4 Intrastate Conflicts and Development Strategies:
The Baloch Insurgency in Pakistan 125
G. Shabbir Cheema
Chapter 5 Development Strategies, Religious Relations, and
Communal Violence in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia:
A Cautionary Tale 153
Lorraine V. Aragon
Chapter 6 Exploring the Relationship between Development and
Conflict: The Malaysian Experience 183
Ananthi Al Ramiah and Thillainathan Ramasamy
viii ● Contents
Chapter 7 Official Development Assistance (ODA) and
Conflict: A Case Study on Japanese ODA to
Vietnam 209
Edward M. Feasel
Chapter 8 Socioeconomic Change, Intraethnic Competition,
and Political Salience of Ethnic Identities: The
Cases of Turkey and Uzbekistan 241
Ebru Erdem-Akcay
Chapter 9 Local versus Transcendent Insurgencies: Why
Economic Aid Helps Lower Violence in Dagestan,
but not in Kabardino-Balkaria 277
Mikhail Alexseev
Chapter 10 The Conflict-Development Nexus in Asia: Policy
Approaches 315
William Ascher and Natalia Mirovitskaya
Index 321
Illustrations
Figures
7.1 Offi cial Development Assistance to Vietnam, 1990–2010 214
7.2 ODA to Vietnam for Economic Infrastructure, 2002–2009 217
7.3 Japanese ODA for Economic Infrastructure as a Percent of
Vietnam’s State Capital Expenditure, 2002–2009 218
7.4 Internal Confl ict-Cooperation Scale for Vietnam, 1990–2004 220
9.1 Insurgency and Federal Developmental Aid by County and
City in Dagestan 296
9.2 Insurgency and Federal Developmental Aid by County and
City in Kabardino-Balkaria 296
9.3 Insurgency and Local Government Spending on Education
in Dagestan 297
9.4 Insurgency and Local Government Spending on Culture,
Kabardino-Balkaria 298
Tables
1.1 Violence Rates in Asia, 2002, 2004, 2008 5
2.1 Economic Liberalization Levels and Trends 51
2.2 Economic Growth Rates and Per Capita Gross Domestic
Product in Asia, 1991 to 2011 69
2.3 Education and Health Expenditures and Indicators 75
3.1 Most Severely Aff ected States by Maoist Violence 104
3.2 Fatalities in Chhattisgarh’s Maoist Confl ict 113
4.1 Evolution of the Baloch Insurgency: Year and Key Events 135
4.2 Balochistan Terror Attacks 2007 136
4.3 Ideologies and Representation of Political Parties in
National and Provincial Assemblies 138