Development, Security, and Aid: Geopolitics and Geoeconomics at the U.S. Agency for International Development PDF
Preview Development, Security, and Aid: Geopolitics and Geoeconomics at the U.S. Agency for International Development
Development, Security, and Aid GEOGRAPHIES OF JUSTICE AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION Series editors Deborah Cowen, University of Toronto Nik Heynen, University of Georgia Melissa W. Wright, Pennsylvania State University Advisory board Sharad Chari, London School of Economics Bradon Ellem, University of Sydney Gillian Hart, University of California, Berkeley Andrew Herod, University of Georgia Jennifer Hyndman, York University Larry Knopp, University of Washington, Tacoma Heidi Nast, DePaul University Jamie Peck, University of British Columbia Frances Fox Piven, City University of New York Laura Pulido, University of Southern California Paul Routledge, University of Glasgow Bobby Wilson, University of Alabama Development, Security, and Aid GEOPOLITICS AND GEOECONOMICS AT THE U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT JAMEY ESSEX The University of Georgia Press Athens and London © 2013 by the University of Georgia Press Athens, Georgia 30602 www .ugapress .org All rights reserved Designed by Walton Harris Set in Minion Pro by Graphic Composition, Inc., Bogart, Georgia Printed digitally in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Essex, Jamey, 1977– Development, security, and aid : geopolitics and geoeconomics at the U.S. Agency for International Development / Jamey Essex. p. cm. — (Geographies of justice and social transformation) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn- 13: 978- 0- 8203- 4247- 4 (hbk. : alk. paper) isbn- 10: 0- 8203- 4247- 5 (hbk. : alk. paper) isbn- 13: 978- 0- 8203- 4454- 6 (pbk. : alk. paper) isbn- 10: 0- 8203- 4454- 0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. United States. Agency for International Development. 2. Economic assistance, American. 3. Geopolitics. 4. Economic geography. 5. United States—Foreign economic relations. 6. United States—Foreign relations. I. Title. hc60.e736 2013 338.91'73—dc23 2012024591 British Library Cataloging- in- Publication Data available ISBNfordigitaledition:978-08203-4567-3 CONTENTS List of Abbreviations vii Acknowledgments ix CHAPTER 1 “One- Half of 1”: Geopolitics, Geoeconomics, and usaid 1 CHAPTER 2 “In the World for Keeps”: From the Marshall Plan to the Vietnam War 17 CHAPTER 3 Geoeconomics Ascendant: Development, Interdependence, and Neoliberalization 51 CHAPTER 4 Two Decades of Neoliberalization: From the Cold War to the War on Terror 84 CHAPTER 5 Development in Reverse: Crisis, Austerity, and the Future of usaid 129 Notes 159 Works Cited 165 Index 179 This page intentionally left blank ABBREVIATIONS cbo Congressional Budget Offi ce crs Congressional Research Service dcha Bureau for Democracy, Confl ict, and Humanitarian Assistance dec Development Experience Clearinghouse dfa Director of Foreign Assistance dlf Development Loan Fund DoD United States Department of Defense dri Diplomatic Readiness Initiative eca Economic Cooperation Agency egat Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade esf Economic Support Funds faa Foreign Assistance Act (of 1961, amended) fas Foreign Agricultural Service ftf Feed the Future gao General Accounting Offi ce / Government Accountability Offi ce (aft er 2004) gatt General Agreement on Tariff s and Trade gh Bureau for Global Health ica International Cooperation Agency idca International Development Cooperation Agency imf International Monetary Fund ldc least developed country mcc Millennium Challenge Corporation mdg Millennium Development Goals ngo nongovernmental organization nss National Security Strategy of the United States oco Overseas Contingency Operations oda offi cial development assistance opic Overseas Private Investment Corporation oss Offi ce of Strategic Services pl 480 Public Law 480 (U.S. food aid program) ppd Presidential Policy Directive ppda Peace, Prosperity, and Democracy Act of 1994 pvo private voluntary organization vii viii • abbreviations qddr Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review rif reduction in force tcb trade capacity building usaid United States Agency for International Development usda United States Department of Agriculture ustr Offi ce of the United States Trade Representative wfp World Food Programme wto World Trade Organization ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the sabbatical application I submitted to my department and dean in August 2010, I stated that my primary sabbatical project for the 2011–2012 academic year, when I could put aside teaching duties and departmental meetings for several months to write uninterrupted, would be to complete a book on the U.S. Agency for International Development. Rather than waiting for my sab- batical to start, I actually began work on it in late 2010, in order to submit the manuscript proposal in early 2011. While I had initially envisioned myself sit- ting down, starting on page 1, and ending on page whatever, in a discrete linear process with a clear beginning and a defi nitive end, I quickly realized it wasn’t going to work that way. While I did do the bulk of the writing in summer and fall 2011, I realized then that the writing process actually began long ago, and that no work is ever totally and fi nally “fi nished.” I revisited, repurposed, or revised pieces I wrote several years prior, including not only previously pub- lished articles that had appeared in Geoforum and Antipode, but also portions of my PhD dissertation, which I completed in 2005 in Syracuse University’s Department of Geography. I even found myself digging out notebooks from my dissertation research, full of quotations copied from microfi che that I had spent hours staring at in the Science, Industry, and Business Library branch of the New York Public Library. I returned to government documents and reports, congressional hearings, and interview transcripts that I had already read nu- merous times before, and I found silences, gaps, and missing pieces that I had overlooked or not uncovered in past research. I also discovered, somewhat to my astonishment, that I actually enjoy reading grainy, decades- old government reports with handwritten notes scrawled across their margins and scanned so that they appear on the computer screen at a slightly oblique angle. Having now more or less completed the book, I am reminded of all those who assisted and supported me in past research and writing that made its way into this volume, and I am thankful to all who helped me as I worked out new ideas, arguments, and written material. First, I am grateful to my institution, the University of Windsor, and my faculty union, the Windsor University Faculty Association, for the opportunity provided by the sabbatical I enjoyed during the 2011–2012 academic year. Without the time away from teaching and service work this sabbatical provided, I could not have contributed the kind of focused time and energy it took to write this book. The university also provided support ix
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