Development of the Nervous System

388 Pages·2005·35.67 MB·English

by  Dan H. Sanes, Thomas A. Reh, William A. Harris

DEVELOPMENT
OF THE
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SECOND EDITION
DEVELOPMENT
OF THE
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SECOND EDITION
DAN H. SANES
THOMAS A. REH
WILLIAM A. HARRIS
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Contents
Preface for the First Edition xi Cell Interactions Control the Number of Cells Made by
Preface for the Second Edition xiii Progenitors 63
The Generation of Neurons and GLIA 69
Cerebral Cortex Histogenesis 71
1. Neural Induction 1 The Subventricular Zone: A Secondary Zone of
Neurogenesis 75
Development and Evolution of Neurons 1 Cerebellar Cortex Histogenesis 76
Early Embryology of Metazoans 1 Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Migration 78
Derivation of Neural Tissue 3 Postembryonic and Adult Neurogenesis 82
Interactions with Neighboring Tissues in Making Neural Summary 85
Tissue 9
The Molecular Nature of the Neural Inducer 13
Conservation of Neural Induction 16 4. Determination and Differentiation 87
Interactions Among the Ectodermal Cells in Controlling
Neuroblast Segregation 20 Transcriptional Hierarchies in Invariant Lineages 88
Notch, Delta, and Achaete Scute Genes in Vertebrates 25 Spatial and Temporal Coordinates of Determination 91
Linking Induction to Proneural Activity 27 Asymmetric Cell Divisions and Asymmetric Fate 93
Summary 28 Generating Complexity through Cellular Interactions 94
Specification and Differentiation through Cellular
Interactions and Interactions with the Local
2. Polarity and Segmentation 29
Environment 97
Competence and Histogenesis 100
Regional Identity of the Nervous System 29
The Interplay of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Influences in
The Anterior-Posterior Axis and HOX Genes 30
Histogenesis 102
HOX Gene Function in the Nervous System 33
Interpreting Gradients and the Spatial Organization of
Signaling Molecules that Pattern the Anterior-Posterior
Cell Types 106
Axis in Vertebrates: Heads or Tails 36
Summary 109
Organizing Centers in the Developing Brain 39
Forebrain Development, Prosomeres, and PAX Genes 42
Dorsal-Ventral Polarity in the Neural Tube 46 5. Axon Growth and Guidance 111
Dorsal Neural Tube and Neural Crest 50
Patterning the Cerebral Cortex 52 The Growth Cone 114
Summary 55 The Dynamic Cytoskeleton 116
What Do Growth Cones Grow On? 121
3. Genesis and Migration 57 What Provides Directional Information to Growth
Cones? 123
Cell-Cycle Genes Control the Number of Neurons Cell Adhesion and Labeled Pathways 124
Generated during Development 62 Repulsive Guidance 127
vii
viii CONTENTS
Chemotaxis, Gradients, and Local Information 130 Converting Growth Cones to Presynaptic Terminals 221
The Optic Pathway 133 Receptor Clustering Signifies Postsynaptic Differentiation
The Midline 134 at NMJ 222
Attraction and Repulsion: Desensitization and Presynaptic Terminals Induce Receptor Aggregation 224
Adaptation 134 Agrin, a Transynaptic Clustering Signal 226
Signal Transduction 137 Postsynaptic Response to Agrin 227
Summary 138 Receptor Clustering Signals in the CNS 229
Internal Membrane Proteins and Receptor Aggregation in
the CNS 230
6. Target Selection 145
The Expression and Insertion of New Receptors 233
Neuronal Activity Regulates Receptor Expression 235
Defasiculation 145
Neuregulin, a Regulator of Postsynaptic
Target Recognition and Entry 147
Transcription 236
Slowing Down and Branching 148
Maturation of Transmission and Receptor Isoform
Border Patrol and Prevention of Inappropriate
Transitions 238
Targeting 149
Maturation of Transmitter Reuptake 241
Topographic Mapping 152
Short-Term Plasticity 242
Chemospecificity and Ephrins 153
Appearance of Synaptic Inhibition 243
Shifting and Fine Tuning of Connections 158
Is Inhibition Really Inhibitory during Development? 243
The Third Dimension, Lamina-Specific
Summary 244
Termination 162
Cellular and Synaptic Targeting 164
Sniffing Out Targets 166 9. Refinement of Synaptic Connections 247
Summary 170
The Early Pattern of Connections 247
Functional Synapses are Eliminated 249
7. Naturally Occurring Neuron Death 173 Axonal Arbors are Refined or Eliminated 250
Some Terminals Expand or Remain Stable 255
What does Neuron Death Look Like? 173 Neural Activity Regulates Synaptic Connections 255
Early Elimination of Progenitor Cells 174 Sensory Coding Properties Reflect Synapse
How Many Differentiated Neurons Die? 174 Rearrangement 262
Survival Depends on the Synaptic Target 176 Activity Contributes to the Alignment of Sensory
NGF: A Target-Derived Survival Factor 180 Maps 265
The Neurotrophin Family 182 Spontaneous Activity and Afferent Segregation 267
The TRK Family of Neurotrophin Receptors 184 Many Forms of Plasticity have a Time Limit 271
How does the Neurotrophin Signal Reach the Synapses Interact Over a Short Distance 271
Soma? 186 Heterosynaptic Depression 272
The P75 Neurotrophin Receptor 186 Postsynaptic Receptors are Eliminated 274
The Expanding World of Survival Factors 188 Involvement of Intracellular Calcium 276
Endocrine Control of Cell Survival 190 NMDA Receptors and Calcium Signaling 276
Cell Death Requires Protein Synthesis 192 The Role of Second Messenger Systems 278
Intracellular Signaling 193 Metabotropic Receptors 279
Caspases: Agents of Death 196 Gain Control 280
BCL-2 Proteins: Regulators of Apoptosis 200 Silent Synapses 282
Synaptic Transmission at the Target 201 Homeostasis: The More Things Change, the More They
Afferent Regulation of Cell Survival 202 Stay the Same 283
Summary 206 Plasticity of Inhibitory Connections 284
Synaptic Influence on Neuron Morphology 285
Summary 287
8. Synapse Formation and Function 207
What Do Newly Formed Synapses Look Like? 211 10. Behavioral Development 289
The First Signs of Synapse Function 215
The Decision to Form a Synapse 218 Behavioral Ontogeny 289
The Sticky Synapse 220 Genetic and Environmental Mechanisms 290
CONTENTS ix
Environmental Determinants of Behavioral Hormonal Signals 306
Development 291 Hormonal Control of Brain Gender 307
The First Movements 291 Genetic Control of Brain Gender 308
The Mechanism of Spontaneous Movements 293 Singing in the Brain 309
Embryonic Movements: Uncoordinated or Integrated? 294 From Gonads to Brain? 310
The Role of Activity in the Emergence of Coordinated Learning to Remember 311
Behavior 296 Where’s Mamma? 312
Stage-Specific Behaviors 297 Fear and Loathing 314
Beginning to Make Sense of the World 299 Getting Information from One Brain to Another 317
Asking Babies Questions 300 Language 319
Sharp Eyesight 301 Summary 321
Acute Hearing 302
Sex-Specific Behavior 305 References 323
Genetic Sex 306 Index 361