Development and Application of Biomedical Titanium Alloys

219 Pages·2018·40.076 MB·English

by  Liqiang Wang, Lai-Chang Zhang

Development and Application of
Biomedical Titanium Alloys
Edited by
Liqiang Wang
Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai,PR China
&
Lai-Chang Zhang

Edith Cowan University,Perth WA,Australia
Development and Application of Biomedical Titanium Alloys
Editor: Liqiang Wang and Lai-Chang Zhang
ISBN (Online): 978-1-68108-619-4
ISBN (Print): 978-1-68108-620-0
© 2018, Bentham eBooks imprint.
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CONTENTS
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................ i
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .................................................................................................................. (cid:76)v
CHAPTER 1 APPLICATION OF BIOMEDICAL TITANIUM ALLOYS .................................... 1
Liqiang Wang and Lai-Chang Zhang
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
α + β TITANIUM ALLOYS IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS ........................................... 2
β TITANIUM ALLOYS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS ............................................ 4
Current Development of β Titanium Alloys ........................................................................... 4
Design of β Titanium Alloys .................................................................................................. 6
Biocompatibility of β Titanium Alloys ................................................................................... 6
PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS OF TITANIUM ALLOYS IN BIOMEDICAL
APPLICATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 9
Ti-Ni Alloys ............................................................................................................................ 9
Ti-Nb Alloys ........................................................................................................................... 10
Current Applications of Phase Transformation ...................................................................... 11
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 13
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 13
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 13
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 2 MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF T(cid:76)N(cid:69)T(cid:68)Z(cid:85)
TITANIUM ALLOY ............................................................................................................................... 18
Liqiang Wang, Xueting Wang and Lai-Chang Zhang
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 18
TiNi Shape Memory Alloy ..................................................................................................... 19
Biomedical β Titanium Alloy ................................................................................................. 20
Elements Design for New Generation of β Titanium Alloy ................................................... 22
The Mechanical Properties of β Titanium Alloys ................................................................... 23
MATERIAL PREPARATION AND EXPERIMENTAL METHOD ....................................... 25
Material Preparation ................................................................................................................ 25
Experiment Equipments and Analysis Methods ..................................................................... 25
Calculation of β Phase Transition Point ................................................................................. 26
Martensite Start Transformation Point (Ms) ........................................................................... 26
INFLUENCE OF DIRECT AND CROSS ROLLING ON MARTENSITE
TRANSFORMATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES .................................................. 28
Specimen Preparation ............................................................................................................. 28
Martensite Transformation in Direct Rolling ......................................................................... 28
Martensite Morphology During Direct Rolling Process ......................................................... 29
Martensite Transformation During Cross Rolling Process ..................................................... 31
Martensite Morphology During Cross Rolling Process .......................................................... 32
Strain-induced Martensite Transformation ............................................................................. 33
TEM Analysis of Direct-Rolled Structure .............................................................................. 34
Mechanical Properties of Direct-Rolled Specimen ................................................................. 38
Mechanical Properties of Cross-Rolled Specimen ................................................................. 40
SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT OF TI-35NB-3ZR-2TA ALLOY ................................................ 42
CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................. 48
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 48
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 48
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER 3 MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BETA TYPE TI-
FE BASED ALLOYS .............................................................................................................................. 51
Lai-Chang Zhang (cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71) Liqiang Wang
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 51
TI-FE-TA ALLOYS ....................................................................................................................... 52
TI-FE-NB ALLOYS ....................................................................................................................... 56
TI-FE BASED ALLOYS WITH MULTIPLE LENGTH-SCALE PHASES ............................ 63
CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................................................................................... 66
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 67
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 67
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 67
CHAPTER 4 SELECTIVE LASER MELTING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS: PROCESSING,
MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES ........................................................................................ 73
Lai-Chang Zhang (cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71) Liqiang Wang
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 73
SLM CHARACTERISTICS AND PROCESSING PARAMETERS ........................................ 74
Process Overview .................................................................................................................... 74
Processing Parameters Involved ............................................................................................. 76
SLM OF SOLID TITANIUM ALLOYS ...................................................................................... 78
SLM of α-type CP-Ti .............................................................................................................. 78
SLM of (α+β)-type Titanium Alloys ...................................................................................... 80
SLM of β-type Titanium Alloy ............................................................................................... 83
SLM OF POROUS TITANIUM STRUCTURES ........................................................................ 84
CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................................................................................... 87
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 87
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 87
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 87
CHAPTER 5 ELECTRON BEAM MELTING OF POROUS TITANIUM ALLOYS:
MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR ............................................................... 94
Lai-Chang Zhang, Yujing Liu and Liqiang Wang
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 94
MANUFACTURING PROCESS .................................................................................................. 96
Defect and Surface Roughness Generation ............................................................................. 98
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POROUS STRUCTURES ............................................... 98
Super-elasticity ....................................................................................................................... 99
Fatigue Properties ................................................................................................................... 102
Fatigue Crack Morphology and Deflection ............................................................................ 104
COMPARISON OF FATIGUE BETWEEN TI2448 AND TI6-AL-4V POROUS
STRUCTURES ............................................................................................................................... 107
CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................................................................................... 108
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 109
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 109
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 109
CHAPTER 6 PREPARATION, MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF N(cid:76)T(cid:76)-N(cid:69) POROUS TITANIUM ALLOY ...................................................................................... 113
Liqiang Wang, Wei Huang, Wei Zhang and Lai-Chang Zhang
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 114
Shape Memory Alloy .............................................................................................................. 114
NiTi and NiTiNb Alloy ........................................................................................................... 114
Phase Transition of NiTi Alloy ...................................................................................... 114
NiTi Alloy Properties .............................................................................................................. 119
(1) Shape Memory Effect ............................................................................................... 119
(2) Superelastic Performance ....................................................................................... 120
(3) Biocompatibility ...................................................................................................... 121
NiTi alloy Biomedical Applications ....................................................................................... 122
Research About NiTi / NiTi-Nb Alloys .................................................................................. 123
Meaning and Content of This Research Work ........................................................................ 130
PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS .............................................................. 131
Materials Preparation .............................................................................................................. 131
Experimental Materials ........................................................................................................... 132
Frame Design .......................................................................................................................... 133
Sintering Process ..................................................................................................................... 133
Analysis Test Methods ............................................................................................................ 134
Metallographic Microscope .................................................................................................... 134
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ............................................................................................. 135
Nanoindentation Test .............................................................................................................. 135
MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AS-SINTERED
NITI/NITI-NB ALLOY .................................................................................................................. 138
Experimental Results and Analysis ........................................................................................ 138
Characterization of Sintered Metallographic Microstructure ...................................... 138
Diffused Layer Scanning ........................................................................................................ 139
Microstructure Phase and Elemental Composition ................................................................. 140
CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................. 143
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 144
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 144
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 144
CHAPTER 7 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF BIOMEDICAL TITANIUM ALLOYS ............. 149
Zihao Ding, Liqiang Wang, Chengjian Zhang and Lai-Chang Zhang
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 149
MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................... 154
Materials and FSP System ...................................................................................................... 154
Microstructure Observation and Composition Analysis ......................................................... 155
Nanoindentation ...................................................................................................................... 155
In Vitro Biocompatibility Test ................................................................................................ 156
(1) Cytotoxicity Test ...................................................................................................... 156
(2) Cell Culture ............................................................................................................. 156
(3) Cell Adhesion ........................................................................................................... 156
(4) Cell Proliferation ..................................................................................................... 156
(5) Alkaline Phosphatase Activity ................................................................................. 157
(6) Mineralization Assay ............................................................................................... 157
Corrosion Resistance .............................................................................................................. 157
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................................... 158
Microstructure ......................................................................................................................... 158
Microhardness ......................................................................................................................... 162
Biocompatibility Test .............................................................................................................. 164
(1) Cytotoxicity Assay ................................................................................................... 164
(2) Cell adhesion Assay ................................................................................................. 165
(3) Cell proliferation assay ........................................................................................... 167
Corrosion Behavior ................................................................................................................. 168
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 170
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 171
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 171
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 171
CHAPTER 8 CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF SELECTIVE LASER MELTED TITANIUM
ALLOYS ................................................................................................................................................... 174
Lai-Chang Zhang, Junxi Zhang and Liqiang Wang
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 174
CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF SLM-PRODUCED TI-6AL-4V .............................................. 176
CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF SLM-PRODUCED TI-6AL-4V AFTER HEAT
TREATMENT ................................................................................................................................. 183
CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF SLM-PRODUCED TITANINUM COMPOSITE ................ 189
CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................................................................................... 193
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 194
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 194
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 194
SUBJECT INDEX ................................................................................................................................... (cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:28)
i
PREFACE
Titanium and its alloys have been widely used as biomedical implant materials due to their
low density, good mechanical properties, superior corrosion resistance and biocompatibility
when compared with other metallic biomaterials such as Co–Cr alloys and stainless steels.
Recently, β-type titanium alloys have been increasingly considered as excellent implant
materials because of the remarkable combination of high strength-to-weight ratio, good
fatigue resistance, relatively low Young's modulus, good biocompatibility and high corrosion
resistance. Compared to the conventional (α+β)-type titanium biomaterials such as Ti-6Al-
4V, β-type titanium alloys containing non-toxic constituents possess Young’s modulus (~60
GPa) closer to that of bone (10-30 GPa). From the viewpoint of practical biomedical
application, it is highly desirable to obtain β-type titanium alloys. Although biomedical
titanium and its alloys have been widely used, extensive endeavors have also been made in
the development of new β-type titanium alloys. In addition, surface modification of titanium
alloys for biomedical applications, and manufacturing of titanium alloys by new technologies
(such as by two common metal additive manufacturing technologies, i.e. selective laser
melting and electron beam melting), etc. are also being done. This book covers the very
recent progresses in new alloy development, surface modification and additive manufacturing
of biomedical titanium. This book covers the recent progress of biomedical titanium alloys in
terms of the processing, microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion properties.
Chapter 1 overviews the application of biomedical titanium alloys and recent development
process of new medical grade titanium alloys in terms of composition design,
biocompatibility and shape memory effect etc.
Chapter 2 describes the microstructure and mechanical properties of TiNbTaZr titanium alloy.
The results show that the TiNbTaZr β titanium alloy with lower elastic modulus and non-
toxic alloying elements has much more important application in biomedical field. The Ti-
35Nb-2Ta-3Zr β titanium alloy is studied and the alloy has the complex properties of lower
elastic modulus, high strength, high elongation and excellent shape memory effect. Compared
with direct rolling, cross rolling is beneficial to the isotropic of the microstructure and
mechanical properties.
Chapter 3 presents the microstructure and mechanical properties of a serial of novel β-type
Ti-Fe-based alloys developed very recently by using the DV-Xα molecular orbital method.
The influence of Ta, Fe and Nb contents on the phase transformation, β phase stability and
microstructural evolution of the alloys are investigated. The resulting mechanical properties
of the alloys are evaluated and compared with those of the widely used biomaterials to
ascertain their suitability for orthopaedic application. The results suggest that among the
designed alloys, Ti-10Fe-10Ta, Ti-7Fe-11Nb and Ti-11Nb-9Fe presents the best combination
of mechanical properties making them more desirable than the commonly used CP-Ti and Ti-
6Al-4V materials for implant application. It is demonstrated that through proper alloy design
it is possible to design new Ti alloys with favourable properties better than CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-
4V alloys for orthopaedic application.
Chapter 4 illustrates the progress in processing, microstructure and properties of biomedical
titanium alloys manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM). Although titanium alloys
have exhibited combination of a serial of excellent properties, the hard machinery and/or high