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Developing low-energy personal thermal comfort systems: design, performance, testing PDF

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UC Berkeley Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Title Developing low-energy personal thermal comfort systems: design, performance, testing, and research methods. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/92h1p54j Author Fannon, David J Publication Date 2015-07-01 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Developing Low-Energy Personal Thermal Comfort Systems: Design, Performance Testing, and Research Methods by David Joseph Fannon A thesis submiĴed in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Architecture in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley CommiĴee in charge: Professor Gail Brager, Chair Professor Edward Arens Professor Alice Agogino Summer 2015 The thesis ofDavid JosephFannon, titledDevelopingLow-EnergyPersonal ThermalCom- fort Systems: Design, Performance Testing, and Research Methods, is approved: Chair Date Date Date University of California, Berkeley Developing Low-Energy Personal Thermal Comfort Systems: Design, Performance Testing, and Research Methods Copyright 2015 by David Joseph Fannon i For Leah. For everything. ii Contents List of Figures v List of Tables vii 1 Preface 1 1.1 Research Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Thermal Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 Comfort in Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.3 Personal Comfort Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.4 Energy Use In buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.5 Low-energy PCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1.6 Simulated Energy Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.1.7 PCS Field Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2 Research Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3 Research Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 Cooling Fan 10 2.1 Fan Background, Problem, and Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2 Concept Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3 Fan Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3.1 Fan Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3.2 Cowling Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3.3 Wind Tunnel Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3.4 Family Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4 Human Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.4.1 Woodie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.4.2 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.5 Performance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.5.1 Intro to CFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.5.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.5.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 iii 2.5.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.5.5 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.6 Final Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.6.1 Electrical Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.6.2 Plastic Parts and molds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3 Footwarmer 50 3.1 Footwarmer Background, Problem, and Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.2 Form and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.3 Housing and Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.4 Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4 Conductive Surface 63 4.1 Surface Background, Problem, and Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.2 Design Concept and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5 Combined CBE Personal Comfort System 69 5.1 System Background, Problem, and Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.2 System design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.3 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.3.1 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.3.2 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.4 Field Study Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.4.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.4.2 High Throughput Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.4.3 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.4.4 Human Subjects Protections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.4.5 Data Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6 Conclusion 99 6.1 Research Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6.2.1 Widen Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6.2.2 Improving the Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 6.2.3 Improving the research method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.2.4 Future Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 References 104 Appendix A Fan Specification 108 Appendix B Consent Form 115 iv Appendix C Contact Information Form 118 Appendix D Personal Information Questionnaire 120 Appendix E Information Technology Guide 122 v List of Figures 1.1 Energy savings from expanded setpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1 Fan 1.0 CAD Assembly Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 Renderings of fan version 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3 Early motor and propeller components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.4 Cowling options for airstream testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.5 Symbols and Notation in the Jet Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.6 Measuring air speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.7 Spatial distribution of air velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.8 Air velocities for inlet and nozzle combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.9 Fan 2.4 Fankenstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.10 Fan Family Tree of prototypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.11 Fan 3.0 initial CAD design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.12 Filmstrip of Fan 3.0 ”Woodie” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.13 Fabricating Fan 3.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.14 Experimental setup for CFE measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.15 HVAC Temperatures during CFE measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.16 Comparison of Cooling Fan Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.17 Local cooling effects during CFE measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.18 Cooling Fan Efficiency ploĴed as a function of power . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.19 Visible and IR photos of the thermal manikin during CFE testing . . . . . . 43 2.20 Illustrated fan circuit diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.21 Early and final electronic wiring for the fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.22 Mold Flow Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.1 Sections showing geometry of lamps in footwarmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.2 Fabricating the elliptical footwarmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.3 Elliptical footwarmer in use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.4 Visible and IR images of the footwarmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.5 Cardboard Footwarmer Mockup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.6 Sheet Metal Footwarmer Prototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 vi 3.7 Footwarmer CAD design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.8 Footwarmer CAD design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.9 Fabricating the footwarmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.10 Wiring diagram for the footwarmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.1 Prototype integrated palm warmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.2 Prototype desks featuring conductive surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.3 Prototype conductive desk surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.4 2d analysis of heat transfer by conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.1 Personal Comfort System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.2 Bench for low-voltage assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.3 Arrangement of High Bay space for production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.4 Calibrating fan version 4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.5 Results from calibrating a sample of 13 fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.6 PEC installation at study site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.7 A new PCS user offers feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.8 PEC user information card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.9 PEC Data management diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.10 Diagram of datasets linked by a shared code value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.11 Diagram of datasets linked by a keyMap file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

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