DEVELOPING CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN EDUCATION AND WORK Future- oriented education needs to invest in the connectivity between learning and working in order to realise its full potential. This book presents guiding principles on how to build these successful connections. By taking an educational perspec- tive and enriching it with insights from human resource development, this book explores the why, how and what of designing for connectivity. This edited volume presents the current knowledge about educational prac- tices and principles that help to realise connectivity between learning and work- ing experiences. Introducing the central perspectives of workplace learning and learning environments at the boundary of school and work, this book presents key research that examines how educators and professionals from organisations and schools can come together with the purpose of realising connectivity in educational programmes. Empirical research showcasing both theoretical and practical insights from real life cases are at the heart of this book. Considering the barriers to achiev- ing connectivity, this book also focuses on how it can be achieved, with ideas and guidance about communication, design principles and best practices. Using carefully chosen international examples, this book is ideal reading for policy makers, practitioners and researchers looking to learn more about connect- ing learning and working experiences. Eva Kyndt is Associate Professor at both the Department for Training and Education Sciences at the University of Antwerp, Belgium and Centre for the New Workforce Swinburne, University of Technology Melbourne, Australia. Simon Beausaert is Associate Professor of Workplace Learning at the Department for Educational Research and Development, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. Ilya Zitter is Professor at the research group Vocational Education at the Research Centre for Learning and Innovation at the HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, The Netherlands. DEVELOPING CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN EDUCATION AND WORK Principles and Practices Edited by Eva Kyndt, Simon Beausaert and Ilya Zitter First published 2022 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Eva Kyndt, Simon Beausaert and Ilya Zitter; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Eva Kyndt, Simon Beausaert and Ilya Zitter to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Kyndt, Eva, editor. | Beausaert, Simon, editor. | Zitter, Ilya, editor. Title: Developing connectivity between education and work : principles and practices / edited by Eva Kyndt and Simon Beausaert, Ilya Zitter. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2021003249 (print) | LCCN 2021003250 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367549305 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367549312 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003091219 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Education, Cooperative. | School-to-work transition. Classification: LCC LC1049 .D48 2021 (print) | LCC LC1049 (ebook) | DDC 371.2/27--dc23 LC record available at https://lccnloc.gov/2021003249 LC ebook record available at https://lccnloc.gov/2021003250 ISBN: 978- 0- 367- 54930- 5 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 0- 367- 54931- 2 (pbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 003- 09121- 9 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by SPi Global, India CONTENTS Lists of figures vii List of tables x Preface xiii List of contributors xvi SECTION 1 Setting the stage 1 1.1. Connectivity between education and work: Theoretical models and insights 3 Päivi Tynjälä, Simon Beausaert, Ilya Zitter and Eva Kyndt 1.2. Rethinking the connective typology of work experience: The challenge of learning through internship 15 David Guile and Ann Lahiff 1.3. Integrating workplace learning in formal educational programmes 34 David Gijbels, Piet Van den Bossche, Vincent Donche and Jetje De Groof SECTION 2 Designing across boundaries 49 2.1. Teacher externships: Designing a boundary crossing professional development initiative in higher education 51 Ele Holvoet and Delphine Wante vi Contents 2.2. Learning at the interface of higher education and work: Experiences of students, teachers and workplace partners 76 Päivi Tynjälä, Anne Virtanen, Maarit H. Virolainen and Hannu L.T. Heikkinen 2.3. Boundary crossing in vocational education and research: The case of regional learning 97 Niek van den Berg, Pieter Seuneke and Frank de Jong SECTION 3 Boundary objects for connectivity 117 3.1. Teachers’ use of digital boundary objects to connect school and workplace- based learning in dual vocational education 119 Nina Kilbrink, Ann- Britt Enochsson, Annelie Andersén and Annica Ådefors 3.2. Digital tools as boundary objects to support connectivity in dual vocational education: Towards a definition of design principles 137 Alberto A.P. Catteneo, Jean- Luc Gurtner and Joris Felder SECTION 4 Guidance for connectivity 159 4.1. Fostering students’ reflection and employability competences through a mentoring programme in higher education 161 Wendy Nuis and Simon Beausaert 4.2. Collaborative communication between teachers and company supervisors for integrative teaching: An exploratory study in Australia, Germany and Switzerland 185 Viviana Sappa, Sarojni Choy and Carmela Aprea 4.3. Pedagogic strategies at the boundary of school and work 205 Anne Khaled, Marco Mazereeuw and Machiel Bouwmans Conclusion: On principles for connectivity between education and work 230 Ilya Zitter, Simon Beausaert and Eva Kyndt Index 237 FIGURES SECTION 1 Setting the stage 1.1 Connectivity between education and work: Theoretical models and insights Figure 1. Integrative pedagogy model 5 Figure 2. The connected curriculum model 9 Figure 3. Three rationales underlying designing for connectivity 10 1.3 Integrating workplace learning in formal educational programmes Figure 1. Model of integrating workplace learning in formal educational programmes 46 SECTION 2 Designing across boundaries 2.1 Teacher externships: Designing a boundary crossing professional development initiative in higher education Figure 1. Research framework teacher externship 56 Figure 2. Overview of data collection 59 2.2 Learning at the interface of higher education and work: Experiences of students, teachers and workplace partners Figure 1. The 3- P model of student learning at the workplace 80 viii Figures SECTION 3 Boundary objects for connectivity 3.1 Teachers’ use of digital boundary objects to connect school and workplace- based learning in dual vocational education Figure 1. Iterative progression between the different learning mechanisms 122 Figure 2. Hierarchical model of the learning mechanisms showing how the learning mechanisms build on each other 124 Figure 3. Process of teaching using boundary objects in the hierarchical model of learning mechanisms 130 Figure 4. Identification model of boundary crossing with boundary object (BO) 132 3.2 Digital tools as boundary objects to support connectivity in dual vocational education: Towards a definition of design principles Figure 1. Examples of raw traces photographed at a workplace by apprentice chefs 140 Figure 2. Examples of elaborations on raw traces as augmented artefacts during a class activity 142 Figure 3. The TELE for apprentice chefs to collect their learning documentation in the form of a recipe book 143 Figure 4. The Realto workspace with apprentice and teacher contributions in the form of posts and an example of learning documentation 145 Figure 5. Picture uploads per month per training workshop format 147 Figure 6. Number of learning and performance documentations completed per month per training scenario 147 SECTION 4 Guidance for connectivity 4.2 Collaborative communication between teachers and company supervisors for integrative teaching: An exploratory study in Australia, Germany and Switzerland Figure 1. Frequency of using integrated teaching arrangements 197 Figure 2. Relationships between collaborative communication and integrative teaching arrangements 198 Figures ix 4.3 Pedagogic strategies at the boundary of school and work Figure 1. Analytical lens: Pedagogic strategies for guiding at the boundary of school and work 208 Figure 2. Guiding moments in the steering- empowering continuum 216 Figure 3. Narratives of pedagogic strategies at the boundary of school and work 218