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Deterministic Flexibility Analysis: Theory, Design, and Applications PDF

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Deterministic Flexibility Analysis Theory, Design, and Applications Deterministic Flexibility Analysis Theory, Design, and Applications By Chuei-Tin Chang Vincentius Surya Kurnia Adi MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-4816-2 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright .com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................xi About the Authors ..................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1 1.1 Steady-State Flexibility Index ...................................................1 1.2 Volumetric Flexibility Index .....................................................2 1.3 Dynamic Flexibility Index ........................................................2 1.4 Temporal Flexibility Index ........................................................3 1.5 Implementation Strategy in Process Design ..............................3 References ............................................................................................4 Chapter 2 Steady-State Flexibility Analysis .........................................................7 2.1 Model Formulation ....................................................................8 2.2 Numerical Solution Strategies .................................................10 2.2.1 Active Set Method ......................................................10 2.2.2 Vertex Method ............................................................12 2.3 Illustrative Examples ...............................................................13 2.4 Selection of Nominal Conditions ............................................21 2.4.1 Modified Problem Definition .....................................22 2.4.2 Two-Tier Search Strategy ...........................................23 2.5 Nonrepresentative Flexibility Measure ...................................29 References ..........................................................................................31 Chapter 3 Volumetric Flexibility Analysis .........................................................33 3.1 Feasibility Check .....................................................................35 3.2 Integrated Computation Strategy ............................................36 3.2.1 Random Line Search ..................................................36 3.2.2 Delaunay Triangulation ..............................................39 3.2.3 Infeasible Simplexes ...................................................39 3.2.4 Hypervolume Calculation...........................................41 3.2.5 Flexibility Measure ....................................................41 3.2.6 Overall Computation Flowchart .................................42 3.3 Demonstrative Examples .........................................................42 3.3.1 Disjoint Region ...........................................................44 3.3.2 Nonsimply Connected 2-D Region ............................46 3.3.3 Nonconvex 3-D Regions .............................................49 3.3.4 Complicated 3-D Region ............................................53 3.3.5 Heat Exchanger Network with Multiple Uncertain Parameters .................................................54 3.3.6 Higher-Dimensional Regions .....................................56 v vi Contents 3.4 Summary .................................................................................57 References ..........................................................................................58 Chapter 4 Dynamic Flexibility Index .................................................................61 4.1 Model Formulation ..................................................................61 4.2 Numerical Solution Strategies .................................................62 4.2.1 Discretization of Dynamic Model ..............................62 4.2.1.1 Differential Quadrature (DQ) .....................62 4.2.1.2 Trapezoidal Rule (TZ) ................................64 4.2.2 Extended Vertex Method—Dynamic Version ...........65 4.2.3 Extended Active Set Method—Dynamic Version .....65 4.3 An Illustrative Example ...........................................................68 4.4 Cumulative Effects Overlooked in Dynamic Flexibility Analysis ...................................................................................72 Appendix 4.1: GAMS Code Used in Case 4.1 of the Buffer Tank Example ..........................................................................73 Appendix 4.2: GAMS Code Used in Case 4.2 of the Buffer Tank Example ..........................................................................74 References ..........................................................................................74 Chapter 5 Temporal Flexibility Index .................................................................77 5.1 Model Formulation ..................................................................77 5.2 Numerical Solution Strategies .................................................77 5.2.1 Extended Vertex Method—Temporal Version ...........78 5.2.2 Extended Active Set Method—Temporal Version .....80 5.3 An Illustrative Example ...........................................................82 5.4 Applications of Dynamic and Temporal Flexibility Analyses in Process Designs ...................................................87 Appendix 5.1: GAMS Code Used in Case 5.1 of the Buffer Tank Example ..........................................................................87 Appendix 5.2: GAMS and MATLAB Codes Used in Case 5.2 of the Buffer Tank Example .........................................................88 Matlab Code .......................................................................................89 References ..........................................................................................90 Chapter 6 Systematic Revamp Strategies for Improving Operational Flexibility of Existing Water Networks .............................................91 6.1 Background ..............................................................................91 6.2 Augmented Superstructure ......................................................92 6.2.1 Label Sets ...................................................................93 6.2.2 Superstructure Construction.......................................94 6.3 Model Constraints ...................................................................95 6.3.1 Binary Design Parameters..........................................95 Contents vii 6.3.2 Primary Sources .........................................................97 6.3.3 Secondary Sources .....................................................97 6.3.4 Sinks ...........................................................................97 6.3.5 Water-Using Units ......................................................98 6.3.6 Water Treatment Units ...............................................98 6.3.7 New Treatment Units ..................................................98 6.4 Uncertain Multipliers ..............................................................99 6.5 Single-Contaminant Systems ................................................100 6.5.1 Flexibility Assessment Strategies .............................100 6.5.1.1 Flexibility Index Models Derived from the Active Set Method ..............................100 6.5.1.2 Flexibility Index Models Derived from the Vertex Method ....................................101 6.5.2 Rule-Based Revamp Strategies ................................101 6.5.2.1 Heuristic Rules..........................................101 6.5.3 Model-Guided Revamp Strategies ...........................113 6.5.3.1 Extra Model Constraints ...........................113 6.5.3.2 Utility Models ...........................................115 6.6 Multicontaminant Systems ....................................................123 6.6.1 Iterative Evaluation of the Flexibility Index via Single-Vertex Tests ...................................................123 6.6.2 Evolutionary Identification of Revamp Designs .......131 6.7 Concluding Remarks .............................................................136 References ........................................................................................138 Chapter 7 Steady-State and Volumetric Flexibility Analyses for Membrane Modules and Heat-Exchanger Networks ..........................................141 7.1 Membrane Modules ...............................................................141 7.1.1 Background ..............................................................141 7.1.2 Model Formulations .................................................143 7.1.3 Case Studies .............................................................145 7.1.4 Concluding Remarks ................................................148 7.2 Heat Exchanger Networks .....................................................149 7.2.1 Background ..............................................................149 7.2.2 Model Formulations .................................................149 7.2.3 Case Studies .............................................................151 7.2.4 Concluding Remarks ................................................154 References ........................................................................................154 Chapter 8 Flexible Designs of Solar-Driven Membrane Distillation Desalination Systems .......................................................................157 8.1 Background ............................................................................157 8.2 Unit Models ...........................................................................157 8.2.1 Solar Absorber ..........................................................158 8.2.2 Thermal Storage Tank ..............................................158 viii Contents 8.2.3 Heat Exchanger ........................................................159 8.2.4 AGMD Module ........................................................160 8.2.5 Distillate Tank ..........................................................161 8.3 Modified KKT Conditions Concerning Control Variables ...................................................................161 8.4 Case Studies...........................................................................162 8.5 Concluding Remarks .............................................................172 References ........................................................................................173 Chapter 9 Flexible Designs of Hybrid Power Generation Systems for Standalone Applications ...................................................................175 9.1 Background ............................................................................175 9.2 Unit Models ...........................................................................177 9.2.1 Photovoltaic Cell ......................................................178 9.2.2 PEM Fuel Cell ..........................................................179 9.2.3 Wind Turbine ............................................................181 9.2.4 Alkaline Electrolyzer ...............................................183 9.2.5 Hydrogen Storage Tank ............................................184 9.2.6 Battery ......................................................................184 9.3 Simulation-Based Vertex Method .........................................186 9.3.1 Vertex Selection Heuristics ......................................186 9.3.2 Simulation-Based Algorithm for Computing Dynamic Flexibility Indices .....................................188 9.3.3 Simulation-Based Algorithm for Computing Temporal Flexibility Indices ....................................189 9.3.4 A Benchmark Example ............................................191 9.4 Case Studies...........................................................................195 9.4.1 Model Parameters.....................................................195 9.4.2 Design Variables ......................................................196 9.4.3 Performance Measures .............................................198 9.4.4 Effects of Changing the Supply-to-Demand Ratio ..201 9.4.5 Merits of Incorporating the Electrolyzer ..................202 9.5 Concluding Remarks .............................................................209 References ........................................................................................210 Chapter 10 Further Extensions of Flexibility Analyses ......................................213 10.1 Large System Designs ...........................................................213 10.1.1 Polygeneration Processes .........................................213 10.1.2 Biological Processes .................................................214 10.1.3 Membrane Cascades .................................................215 10.1.4 Simulation-Based Approach to Compute Steady- State and Volumetric Flexibility Indices Using Commercial Software ..............................................216 Contents ix 10.2 PID Controller Designs .........................................................219 10.2.1 PID Controller Settings ............................................219 10.2.2 Controller Performance Criteria...............................220 10.2.3 Potential Application Strategy .................................220 References ........................................................................................221 Index ......................................................................................................................225

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