determining production and nutritive value of crop residues and agro-industrial by-products and

113 Pages·2017·1.26 MB·English

DETERMINING PRODUCTION AND NUTRITIVE
VALUE OF CROP RESIDUES AND AGRO-
INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS AND IMPROVING
THEIR UTILIZATION IN RUMINANT NUTRITION IN
ERITREA

EYOB HAILE WOLDEGEORGIS

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(Animal Nutrition)

JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

2017
Determining Production and Nutritive Value of Crop Residues and
Agro-Industrial by-Products and improving their Utilization in
Ruminant Nutrition in Eritrea

Eyob Haile Woldegeorgis

A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the
Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Nutrition in
the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology.

2017
DECLARATION
This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other
university

Signature____________________ Date _______________________
Eyob Haile Woldegeorgis
This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as University
supervisors.

Signature____________________ Date _______________________
Dr. Njonge, Francis Kimani
JKUAT, Kenya\

Signature____________________ Date _______________________
Dr. Gicheha, Mathew Gitau
JKUAT, Kenya

Signature____________________ Date _______________________
Dr. Giotom Asgedom
HAC, Eritrea
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DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my wife Freweini and our children Hiyab and Delina, and
my father Haile and mother Amete.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to give thanks and praise to Almighty God for the life and strength granted to
succesfully put together this thesis. Special thanks go to my brothers Tekie, fisshaye,
Dawit,Yonas and Biniam and my sister Eyerusalim for the moral and material
support they provided me with and the love and encouragement that helped me move
on.
I wish to sincerely recognise my supervisors for the dedication they showed from the
conception to the conclusion of this work. Dr Francis Njonge, Dr Mathew Gicheha
and Dr Goitom Asgedon I will always cherish your guidance.
I must recognise the Department of Animal Sciences and Jomo Kenyatta University
of Agriculture and Technology for giving me a chance to carry out my PhD studies.
Continue in the same spirit and you will be making the world a better place. I would
also want to sincerely thank the University of Nairobi, Department of Animal
Production for allowing me to use their laboratory facilities and all the technical staff
who did not tire in assisting me.You will always remain dear in my heart.
Hamelmalo Agricultural College (HAC), thank you so much for granting me the
permission to pertake the PhD studies. Japan International Corporation Agency I
have no words to express my gratitude for the financial support you provided for my
study and stay in Kenya.
The great people of Kenya, thank you, you are a wonderful people. God bless your
country always and her people. Finally, my brothers and sisters from Eritrea who
together enjoyed stay in Kenya, I salute you and you are a great people.
Many persons who supported me through the journey thank you! thank you!

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................... II
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................ IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ V
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... X
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. XII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS / ACRONYMS ...................................................... XIII
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ XIV
CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background Information ...................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of The Problem .................................................................................... 3
1.3 Justification .......................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Objectives ............................................................................................................. 5
1.5 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................... 6
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 6
2.1 Livestock Feeding Systems .................................................................................. 6
2.2 Feed Analysis ....................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Assessing Nutritive Value .................................................................................. 10
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2.4 Improving the Nutritional Value of Crop Residues ........................................... 11
2.4.1 Types of Chemical Treatment ...................................................................... 12
2.4.2 Hydrolytic Treatment ................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................... 17
GENERAL MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................... 17
3.2 Sampling procedure ........................................................................................... 17
3.1 Describtion of The Main Crop Production Zones .............................................. 17
3.3 Chemical Composition ....................................................................................... 21
3.4 In situ Degradation Procedures .......................................................................... 21
CHAPTER FOUR ...................................................................................................... 23
PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF CROP RESIDUES AND AGRO-
INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS IN RUMINANT NUTRITION IN ERITREA . 23
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 23
4.2 Materials and Methods ....................................................................................... 25
4.2.1 Describtion of tha main crop production Zones ........................................... 25
4.2.2 Production of Crop Residues ....................................................................... 25
4.2.3 Availability of crop residues to utilisation by livestock .............................. 25
4.3 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................... 26
4.3.1 Crop Production and Land Allocation ......................................................... 26
4.3.2 Availability of crop residues to utilization by livestock .............................. 30
4.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 32

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CHABTER FIVE ....................................................................................................... 34
DETERMINATION OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN SITU
DEGRADABILITY OF CEREAL CROP RESIDUES AND LENTILS (LENS
ESCULANTA) STRAW FOR RUMINANTS .......................................................... 34
5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 34
5.2 Material and methods ......................................................................................... 35
5.2.1 Sample Collection ........................................................................................ 35
5.3 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................. 35
5.4 Results And Discussion ..................................................................................... 35
5.4.1 Chemical composition .................................................................................. 35
5.4.2 In situ Degradability ..................................................................................... 38
5.4.2.1 Dry Matter Degradability (DMD) ......................................................... 38
5.4.2.2 Organic matter degradability (OMD) ................................................... 39
5.4.3 Degradability Characteristics ....................................................................... 40
5.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 43
CHAPTER SIX .......................................................................................................... 44
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN SITU DEGRADATION KINETICS OF
LEGUME AND TEFF (ERAGROSTIC TEF) CROP RESIDUES ........................ 44
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 44
6.2 Material and Methods ........................................................................................ 45
6.2.1 Sample Collection ........................................................................................ 45
6.3 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................. 45
6.4 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................... 45
6.4.1 Chemical composition of the legume and teff crop residues ....................... 45
6.4.2 In situ Degradability ..................................................................................... 47
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6.4.2.1 Dry Matter Degradability ...................................................................... 47
6.4.2.2 Organic Matter Degradability (OMD) .................................................. 48
6.4.2.3 Crude Protein Degradability (CPD) ...................................................... 49
6.4.3 Degradability Characteristics ...................................................................... 50
6.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 53
CHAPTER SEVEN .................................................................................................... 54
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AGRO-
INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS IN RUMINANT NUTRITION .......................... 54
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 54
7.2 Material and Methods ........................................................................................ 55
7.2.1 Sample Collection and Chemical Analysis .................................................. 55
7.3 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................. 55
7.4 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................... 56
7.4.1 Chemical composition of agro-industrial by-products ................................. 56
7.4.2 In situ Degradability .................................................................................... 58
7.4.2.1 Dry Matter Degradability ...................................................................... 58
7.4.2.2 Organic Matter Degradability ............................................................... 60
7.4.3 Degradability Characteristics ....................................................................... 60
7.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 64
CHAPTER EIGHT .................................................................................................... 65
GROWTH RATE IN LAMBS FED ON UREA TREATED SORGHUM AND
MILLET STOVER .................................................................................................... 65
8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 65
8.2 Material and Methods ........................................................................................ 67
8.2.1 Sample Collection ........................................................................................ 67
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8.2.2 Feeding trials ................................................................................................ 68
8.2.2.1 Sorghum and millet diets formulation .................................................. 68
8.2.2.2 Animals feeding and general management ........................................... 68
8.2.2.3 Intake, growth and digestibility ............................................................ 69
8.3 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................. 69
8.4 Results and discussions ...................................................................................... 69
8.4.1 Chemical composition of urea treated and untreated stover ........................ 69
8.4.2 Dry matter degradability (DMD) ................................................................. 71
8.4.3 Organic matter degradability (OMD)........................................................... 72
8.4.4 Crude protein degradability (CPD) .............................................................. 73
8.4.5 Degradability Characteristics ....................................................................... 74
8.5.6 Feed intake and body weight change in Barka sheep fed on the
experimental diets .................................................................................................. 76
8.4.7 Digestibility coefficients, utilization efficiency and cost of sorghum and
millet residues based diets ...................................................................................... 77
8.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 79
CHAPTER NINE ....................................................................................................... 80
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................. 80
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 82

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