Detection of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Agents for the Prevention of Terrorism: Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics

290 Pages·2014·10.31 MB·English

by  Joseph Banoub (eds.)

NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - A:
Chemistry and Biology
Detection of Chemical, Biological,
Radiological and Nuclear Agents for
the Prevention of Terrorism
Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics
Edited by
Joseph Banoub
AB 3
Detection of Chemical, Biological,
Radiological and Nuclear Agents
for the Prevention of Terrorism
NATO Science for Peace and Security Series
This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO
Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS).
The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas:
(1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO,
Partner and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported
are generally “Advanced Study Institutes” and “ Advanced Research Workshops” . The
NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are
co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO’s “Partner” or
“Mediterranean Dialogue” countries. The observations and recommendations made at the
meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of particip ants
and contributors only; they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views
or policy.
Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses intended to convey the
latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience
Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but
informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for
future action
Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and
re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meet ings
supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series.
The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in
conjunc tion with the NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division.
Sub-Series
A. Chemistry and Biology Springer
B. Physics and Biophysics Springer
C. Environmental Security Springer
D. Information and Communication Security IOS Press
E. Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press
http://www.nato.int/science
http://www.springer.com
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Series A: Chemistry and Biology
Detection of Chemical,
Biological, Radiological
and Nuclear Agents
for the Prevention
of Terrorism
Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics
edited by
Joseph B anoub
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Special Projects and
Memorial University of New Foundland, St. John’s, Canada
Published in Cooperation with NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Detection of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Agents
for the Prevention of Terrorism
Castelnuova Berardenga, Italy
25 May–2 June 2013
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014952891
ISBN 978-94-017-9247-9 (PB)
ISBN 978-94-017-9237-0 (HB)
ISBN 978-94-017-9238-7 (e-Book)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9238-7
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
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© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2 014
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Pref ace
This NATO-ASI (Advanced Study Institute) entitled Detection of Chemical,
Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Agents for the Prevention of Terrorism was
held successfully at the Certosa di Pontignano – Università degli Studi di Siena,
Castelnuovo Berardenga (SI), Italy, from May 25 to June 2, 2013. It was a great
success from both scientifi c and organizational points of view.
We were extremely lucky to have an excellent organizing committee which
facilitated all the tasks associated with this NATO-ASI. The excellent efforts of
Professors Richard Caprioli (Vanderbilt University), Gianluca Giorgi (University of
Siena) and Mokhtar El Essassi (Mohammed V University, Agdal) are sincerely
acknowledged.
We are indebted to Professor Caprioli who was instrumental in inviting the best
CBRN lecturers and industrial partners and, in addition, let us avail of Ms. Maureen
Casey, Managing Editor of the J ournal of Mass Spectrometry, for all the organiza-
tional work.
W e were privileged and honoured to have as lecturers for this NATO-ASI a suc-
cession of world-renowned scientists, namely Professor Richard Caprioli; Stanley
Cohen, Professor of Biochemistry, Director of the Mass Spectrometry Research
Center, VICC Member and Chief Editor of the J ournal of Mass Spectrometry ,
from Vanderbilt University; Professor Alvin Fox, Department of Pathology,
Microbiology and Immunology, USC School of Medicine, Columbia, USA, who is
also Editor in Chief of the J ournal of Microbiological Methods and joint Editor in
Chief of M olecular and Cellular Probes; Professor Guenter Allmaier, Institute of
Chemical Technologies and Analysis, Vienna University of Technology; Professor
Mark Duncan of the School of Medicine, University of Colorado, USA; Professor
Gianluca Giorgi, University of Sienna; Professor Giovanni Sindona, University
of Calabria; Dr. Steve Lammert, Torion Technologies Development, Utah, USA;
and Dr. Oliver Terzic from the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons,
to present a series of lectures on CBRN agents detection.
v
vi Preface
The main objective of this NATO-ASI was to provide the attendees with the
latest developments necessary to successfully understand the CBRN agents and
their associated biotechnologies. Furthermore, this NATO Advanced Study Institute
was designed to provide advanced training for doctoral and postdoctoral candidates
in state-of-the-art technologies for bio-detection, and the meeting’s primary focus was
on mass spectrometry (including chromatographic and electrophoretic separation) and
comparisons of spectroscopic, immunological and molecular analyses of chemical,
biological, radiological and nuclear agents.
The NATO-ASI participants were taught how CBRN agents are easy to manu-
facture, conceal and release. This lack of watchfulness makes prediction of bio-
logical and chemical bioterrorism threats very diffi cult. Notwithstanding that t he
ability to rapidly detect, identify and monitor CBRN agents is imperative for the
effi cient use of both military and civilian defence resources. This detection knowl-
edge allows the severity and extent of a hazard to be assessed so that areas which are
clean and/or contaminated.
A dditionally, the NATO-ASI participants were also introduced to the rapid
developments in biotechnology, genomics and xenobiotics which could be used as
CBRN agents and hence have severe implications for international peace and
security.
Topics on the fi elds of microbiology, immunosensors and immunology of lethal
bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions and spores were discussed. Special emphasis was
placed on Gram-positive Bacillus anthracis , smallpox and polio viruses, SARS,
Ebola and Marburg viruses, novel fl u viruses, etc.
T he relaxed atmosphere of this venue stimulated discussions between faculty
and trainees concerning additional details of the lecture subjects and advanced
protocols and technologies.
The main scientifi c consensus proposed by our NATO-ASI participants was as
follows: While there is no single detection method that provides rapid and accurate
detection of CBRN agents, the onus is on NATO countries to keep abreast of
the powerful, new state-of-the-art detection technologies that can help protect the
public from emerging food and environmental chemical/biological threats. There is
a need to make sure that all NATO countries use the same protocols and identical
instrumentation for the detection of CBRN agents.
F inally, this NATO-ASI has contributed to the critical assessment of existing
knowledge on new and important detection technologies. It helped to identify
directions for future research and to promote closer working relationships between
scientists from different professional fi elds. In addition, it facilitated employment
for postgraduate participants from different countries.
Agdal , Rabat , Morocco Mokhtar El Essassi
St. John’s , Canada Joseph Banoub
Contents
1 Biological Agents and Bioterrorism....................................................... 1
Mauro Bologna
2 Immunological Defence Mechanisms Against
Biological Agents ..................................................................................... 11
Mauro Bologna
3 Mass Spectrometry and Tandem Mass Spectrometry:
An Overview ............................................................................................ 17
Gianluca G iorgi
4 Modern Sample Preparation Techniques for Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis
of Environmental Markers of Chemical Warfare Agents Use ............ 33
Oliver Terzic and Pim de Voogt
5 An Overview of Matrix-Assisted Laser
Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Mass
Spectrometry and Some of Its Applications ......................................... 69
Mark W. Duncan , David Gibson , Ryan Walsh ,
Afshan Masood , and Hicham Benabdelkamel
6 Field Portable Mass Spectrometry ........................................................ 83
Stephen A. Lammert
7 MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry ................................................... 99
Erin H. Seeley and Richard M. Caprioli
8 Bacterial Identification by Mass Spectrometry .................................... 115
Christopher R. Cox and Kent J. Voorhees
vii
viii Contents
9 Analysis of Bio-nanoparticles by Means of Nano ES
in Combination with DMA and PDMA:
Intact Viruses, Virus-Like- Particles and Vaccine Particles ................. 133
Guenter Allmaier , Victor U. Weiss , Marlene Havlik , Peter Kallinger ,
Martina Marchetti-Deschmann , and Wladyslaw W. Szymanski
10 Mass Spectrometric Target Analysis and Proteomics
in Environmental Toxicology ................................................................. 149
Ksenia J. Groh and Marc J.-F. Suter
11 Proteogenomics for the Enhanced Discovery
of Bacterial Biomarkers ......................................................................... 169
Erica M. Hartmann and Jean Armengaud
12 Laser-Based Detection of Explosives and Related Compounds .......... 179
Itamar Malka , Salman Rosenwaks , and Ilana Bar
13 Detection of Metals and Radionuclides Using Rapid,
On-site, Antibody-Based Assays ............................................................ 195
Diane A. Blake and Bhupal Ban
14 Identification of Fraudulently Modified Foods .................................... 207
Giovanni Sindona
15 Tandem Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Novel
Antineoplastic Curcumin Analogues ..................................................... 223
H. Awad, U. Das , J. Dimmock , and A. El-Aneed
16 Glycoconjugate Vaccines Used for Prevention
from Biological Agents: Tandem Mass Spectrometric Analysis ......... 233
Farid Jahouh , Wael L. L. Demian, Rina S akksena, Shu-jie Hou ,
Robert J. Brown , Pavol Kováč , René Roy , and Joseph Banoub
17 Nano-structured Solids and Heterogeneous Catalysts
for the Selective Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents ........ 275
Matteo Guidotti , Claudio Evangelisti , Alessandra Rossodivita ,
and Massimo C. Ranghieri
18 Strategic Missile Forces in Ukraine: Brief Survey
of Past and Present Environmental Problems ...................................... 285
Igor Winkler
Chapter 1
Biological Agents and Bioterrorism
Mauro Bologna
Abstract F or this very stimulating course, I want to share with you some of my
studies and even some of my scientifi c and phylosophical considerations on
b iological agents living in the environment and their relations with humans, in the
very wide concepts of ecological relationships, parasitism, immunolgical defenses
and infectious disease mechanisms. All these concepts must be studied and considered
in the event of criminal use of biological agents (bioterrorism) aimed at harming human
populations in time and in geographical space.
Keywords Biological weapons • Toxins • Poisons • Parasitism • Immunology •
Micro-biome • Fear as weapon
1.1 Defi nitions and History of Bioterrorism
Practice of bioterrorism goes back to very remote times of human existence and
indeed to pre-hystorical confl icts between humans, when groups of people devised
deliberately to use biological agents for confl ict sustainment (damaging weapons)
and for propagation of fear in the enemy populations.
Since the early times of combat between humans, some biological means have been
used: for instance through the contamination of water wells in confl ict areas, tainted
with rotting animal remains, or through hunting-fi ghting arrowheads dipped in toxic
plant extracts or venomous substances, before throwing them at the living target.
Usable biological agents for harm are in fact all the pathogens of biological nature,
like microrganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions), toxins, animal and plant venoms,
together with the related carriers (fomites, instruments) or vectors (insects, etc.).
NATO Science for Peace and Security Program
Pontignano (Siena) May 2013
M. Bologna , M.D. (*)
Professor of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, Health,
Life and Environmental Sciences, Medical School and Biological
Sciences School, University of L’Aquila , L’Aquila , Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 1
J. Banoub (ed.), Detection of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear
Agents for the Prevention of Terrorism, NATO Science for Peace and Security
Series A: Chemistry and Biology, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9238-7_1