Detection Methods for Algae, Protozoa and Helminths in Fresh and Drinking Water

246 Pages·2002·11.97 MB·English

by  Franca Palumbo

Detection Methods for Algae,
Protozoa and Helminths in Fresh
and Drinking Water

Detection Methods for Algae,
Protozoa and Helminths in Fresh
and Drinking Water
EDITED BY
FRANCA PALUMBO
Azienda Mediterranea Gas e Acqua S.p.A ., Genoa, Italy
GIULIANO ZIGLIO
Universita di Trento, Italy
AND& VAN DER BEKEN
Techware, Brussels, Belgium
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Contents
Series Preface ix
Preface xi
The Series Editor - Philippe Quevauviller xv
List of Contributors xvii
PART ONE: SANITARY AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS
1 Presence of Algae, Protozoa, Helminths in the Water Environment:
Significance, Sanitary Implications and Preventive Measures 3
S. Kanih and Y Franco
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Algae 4
1.3 Protozoa 6
1.4 Nematodes 7
1.5 Bloodworms or Midges (Chironomid Larvae) 8
1.6 Actinomycetes 9
1.7 Iron and Sulphur Bacteria 10
1.8 Nitrifying Bacteria 12
1.9 Crustacea 13
1.10 Rotifers 13
1.1 1 Zebra Mussels 14
1.12 Conclusions 15
References 16
2 Water Potabilization Plant in the Presence of Algae, Protozoa and
Helminths 19
L. Coccagna and G. Ziglio
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Separation Technology 20
2.3 Oxidation Treatments for Disinfection 30
vi Contents
2.4 Surface Water Treatment Plant 35
2.5 Conclusions 42
References 43
3 Biological Methods in Managing Problems in Water Works and
Distribution Systems 45
A. SladeEkova
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Biological Criteria of the Czech Drinking Water Standard 50
3.3 Other Standards, Regulations and Recommended Methods 52
3.4 Application of Biological Methods in Water Supply Systems 55
3.5 Conclusions 66
References 66
PART TWO: ALGAE HELMINTHS
AND
4 An Overview of Counting Methods for Algae 71
G. Bowe
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Description of Sampling Methods 72
4.3 Description of the Subsampling Procedures 73
4.4 Description of the Counting Techniques 74
4.5 Considerations Regarding the Use of the Microscope 76
4.6 Algae as Bioindicators 77
4.7 Conclusions 80
References 81
5 Extraction and Determination of Chlorophylls 83
G. Bowe
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 Description of Methods and Comments 83
5.3 Procedures 86
References 89
6 Phytoplankton Analysis Using Flow Cytometry 91
S. Sgorbati
6.1 Introduction 91
6.2 A Brief History of FCM 92
6.3 Application of FCM to Aquatic Science 94
6.4 Pigment Autofluorescence and Probes for FCM Analysis of Phytoplankton 96
6.5 Species Identification with FCM: Oligonucleotides and Neural Network
Analysis 100
6.6 Conclusions 101
References 102
Contents vii
7 Methods for Cyanobacterial Toxin Detection 107
J Rapala and K. Lahti
7.1 Introduction 107
7.2 Cyanobacterial Toxins 108
7.3 Bioassays 112
7.4 Biochemical and Immunological Methods 113
7.5 Chemical Methods 115
7.6 Integrated Analysis of Cyanobacterial Toxins 123
References 124
Appendix 1 128
8 Hygiene and Health Aspects and Interpretation of Data Related
to the Presence of Helminths in Water for Human Consumption 133
L. Bonadonna and G. Bezziccheri
8.1 Introduction 133
8.2 Helminths, Drinking Water and Health Effects 134
8.3 Collection and Processing Techniques for Helminths 136
8.4 Recommendations for the Development of an Analytical Method for
Determination of Helminths 137
8.5 Conclusions 140
References 140
PART THREE: PROTOZOA
9 Pathogenic Protozoa in Fresh and Drinking Water 143
D. Gold and H. c! Smith
9.1 Introduction 143
9.2 The Parasites 145
9.3 Infectious Dose 148
9.4 The Disease 148
9.5 Laboratory Diagnosis 150
9.6 Transmission Routes 151
9.7 Impact of Water Catchment on Raw Water Quality 153
9.8 Methods for Dectecting Waterborne Oocysts and Cysts 154
9.9 Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Gardia in Water 161
9.10 Conclusions 162
References 162
10 An Overview of Concentraction Techniques for Giurdiu and
Cryptosporidium 167
E. Carraro
10.1 Introduction 167
10.2 Description of Concentration Methods 168
10.3 Conclusions 174
... Contents
Vlll
References 177
11 An Overview of Identification Methods in Use for Giurdiu and
Cryptosporidium 179
E. Carruro and Pulumbo
1 1.1 Introduction 179
1 1.2 Sample Purification Methods 180
1 1.3 Methods for the Analytical Determination of Cysts and Oocysts 183
1 1.4 Conclusions 189
References 189
12 Viability of Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giurdiu Cysts 193
J E. O’Grady and H. k! Smith
12.1 Introduction 193
12.2 Viability 195
12.3 Infectivity 203
12.4 Conclusions 212
References 214
Index 221