Detection and establishment of the european crane flies Tipula paludosa Meigen and Tipula oleracea L. (Diptera: Tipulidae) in New York : A review of their distribution, invasion history, biology, and recognition

2006·6.5 MB·

by  Daniel C Peck

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
108(4), 2006, pp. 985-994
DETECTION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EUROPEAN CRANE FLIES
TIPULA PALUDOSA MEIGEN AND TIPULA OLERACEA L. (DIPTERA:
TIPULIDAE) IN NEW YORK: A REVIEW OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION,
INVASION HISTORY, BIOLOGY, AND RECOGNITION
DANIEL C. Peck, E. RICHARD HOEBEKE, AND CAROLYN KLASS
(DCP) Department of Entomology, NYSAES, Cornell University, 630 W. North
St., Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]); (ERH, CK) Department
of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601, U.S.A.
(e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected])
Abstract.4Two species of European crane flies are newly documented from New
York based on collections from several localities during the period 2004 to 2006.
Larvae of Tipula paludosa Meigen and T. oleracea L. are injurious to turf and pasture
grasses and certain other crops in areas of previous establishment, such as British
Columbia and the Pacific Northwest (both species) and Ontario and Quebec (7.
paludosa). Initial observations on their association with turfgrass in New York are
summarized along with background information on their invasion history, biology,
and pest status. Known collection records are listed and mapped for both species.
Recognition features are discussed and photographic illustrations of key morpho-
logical features are provided to aid their differentiation from native and non-
injurious crane flies and from each other.
Key Words: European crane flies, Tipula paludosa, Tipula oleracea, invasive species,
turfgrass pests, leatherjackets
Crane flies belonging to the subgenus North America, biology, pest status,
Tipula (Tipula) are principally Palearctic and recognition features.
and Ethiopian in their distribution. No
indigenous species of the subgenus 77- DETECTION EVENTS IN NEw YORK
pula have been recorded in the New In the summer of 2004, extension
World. Current evidence suggests that 7. agents of Cornell Cooperative Extension
paludosa Meigen has established in three (CCE) channeled reports to us that led
disjunct geographic regions of North to the discovery and confirmation of
America, while 7: oleracea L. has colo- T. paludosa and T. oleracea in extreme
nized in two regions of North America northwestern NY. In late June, grounds
and one in South America. Herein we personnel of the Niagara County Golf
give the circumstances surrounding the Club in Lockport, NY noticed large
initial discovery of both species in New numbers of crane flies emerging from
York in 2004, and also summarize in- the turf. They found pupal cases first,
formation from the literature on their and shortly thereafter adults were dis-
invasion history and distribution in covered. Some exuviae were collected,
986 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
initially submitted to CCE Niagara Co., tytipula) paterifera Alexander, and T.
and then directed to the Cornell Univer- (Platytipula) ultima Alexander.
sity Insect Diagnostic Laboratory for
identification. Because a species identifi- DISTRIBUTION AND INVASION HIstTory
cation could not be provided based on Tipula paludosa is a native of the West
the pupal exuviae alone, adults were Palearctic Region and is an important
collected and sent directly to Cornell. pest in grasslands in areas with an
The adult specimens were positively Atlantic climate (Darvas et al. 2000).
identified. (by WERE) as= one9 vof=<the It is referred to as the 8marsh crane fly9
European crane flies, Tipula oleracea. in Europe and more commonly as the
By August 2004, word of this detection 8European crane fly9 in North America.
had spread and other golf course super- In western North America, this species
intendents were on the lookout for the occurs in the Pacific Northwest where it
presence of unusually large numbers of ranges from southern British Columbia,
crane flies. At the Niagara Falls Country western Washington and Oregon to as
Club in Lewiston, NY the superinten- far south as northern California (Wil-
dent collected a series of crane flies for liams et al. 1989, Umble and Rao 2004,
identification because large numbers Rao et al. 2006). It is largely limited to
were Observed emerging from the rough regions west of the Cascades with some
areas of the turf. Interestingly enough, isolated infestations in central Washing-
ton. In eastern North America, it is
these, crane flies: <were identified= (by
reported from the provinces of New-
ERH) as yet another European species,
foundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario and
Tipula paludosa. These records are the
first for both species in the Northeast Quebee (Simard Yer" al) int press) elias
unknown whether the Ontario popula-
United States.
tion is continuous with the other eastern
Both species were listed as primary
provinces.
targets for the national Cooperative
Tipula paludosa was inadvertently in-
Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) pro-
troduced into Newfoundland as early as
gram in 2004 and 2005 before being
1880 (Alexander 1962) and was detected
unlisted in 2006. After these initial finds,
in northern Nova Scotia (Cape Breton
horticultural inspectors for the NYS
Island) in 1955 (Fox 1957, Beirne 1971).
Department of Agriculture and Markets
The species was later detected in 1965 on
continued to collect crane flies from the
the western coast in British Columbia
two original sites and from surrounding
(Wilkinson and MacCarthy 1967) and
areas. As a result, other collections of T.
a year later in Washington (Jackson and
paludosa in Erie Co. and Niagara Co.
Campbello 1975): In *Ontario} ats aiinst
were confirmed in 2004: in the town of
definitive identification was in 1998, but
Amherst (two residential sites), and from
crane fly damage reported in 1996 and
two state parks (Four Mile Creek and
1997 suggests an earlier establishment
Goat Island) in the Niagara Falls area.
(Charbonneau and Dupuis 1999). This
Several native species (determined by
species9 appearance in northwestern New
J. K. Gelhaus, Academy of Natural
York was probably inevitable given it is
Sciences, Philadelphia, PA) were also
widespread throughout southern Ontario
collected in abundance at the same sites including the areas of Ancaster, Hamil-
in Lockport and Lewiston, including ton, Niagara Falls, Toronto and Whitby
Tipula (Beringotipula) borealis Walker, (Charbonneau and Dupuis 1999).
T. ( Yamatotipula) furca Walker, T. Tipula oleracea is a native of the West
( Yamatotipula) sayi Alexander, T. ( Pla- Palearctic Region and northern Africa
VOLUME 108, NUMBER 4 987
1 Tipula paludosa 2 Tipula oleracea
gNiagaara Co. t! Monroe Co. Ni? agara Co. Monroe Co. Oswegpo yC o.
3
e
®e mt) oe as e
Nassau Co
e
Figs. 1-2. New York localities where European crane flies were detected in 2004-2006. 1, Tipula
paludosa. 2, T. oleracea.
(Oosterbroek and Theowald 1992). In from Farmington, Michigan, a Detroit
central Europe, it is the most frequently suburb (Gelhaus 2006).
encountered crane fly species (Darvas et It is very likely that the introductions
alee2000): and is referred: to as the of both species were due to movement of
8common9 or 8cabbage9 crane fly. In infested soil media, meaning that ship-
North America, it has been variously ments of sod and container stock could
referred to as the 8(giant) common9 or occasion their spread locally and re-
8marsh9 crane fly. In western North gionally. It is unclear whether the popu-
America, this species occurs 1n southern lations in Ontario and New York repre-
British Columbia, western Washington sent direct introductions from Europe, or
and Oregon, and as far south as northern secondary introductions from other re-
California (LaGasa and Antonelli 2000, gions of North America where they have
Umble and Rao 2004, Rao et al. 2006). been previously established.
Although considered a more recent in- Material examined.4Voucher speci-
troduction to the Pacific Northwest, its mens (all adults) of the two species from
widespread distribution suggests it may the following localities in New York are
have gone undetected for a number of deposited in the Cornell University In-
years (Umble and Rao 2004). sect) (Collection <(lthacay SNIY)~ *ibese
Tipula oleracea was first reported on localities are mapped in Figs. 1-2.
the North American continent in British Tipula paludosa Meigen (Fig. 1).4
Columbia (Vancouver) in 1998 (Costello UNITED STATES: New York: Erie
1998). Surveys in the Pacific Northwest Co., Amherst (two residential sites), 14
for adults in 1999 and 2000 indicated the September 2004, W. Eilsworth. Monroe
presence of T. oleracea throughout west- Co., Penfield (Penfield Country Club), 3
ern Washington and in the northern October 2005, R. Ferrentino; Pittsford
Willamette Valley of western Oregon (Locust Hill Country Club), 4 September
(LaGasa and Antonelli 1999, Umble 2005, D. C. Peck; Pittsford (two residen-
and Rao 2004). It was detected in 1999 tial sites): 121 September 20054 Die:
in Andean Ecuador (South America) Peck: 27)September 2005, Wines Peekart
(Young et al. 1999). In May 2005, T. November 2005, D. C. Peck; Rochester
oleracea was identified and reported (Irondequoit Country Club), 15 Novem-
988 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
ber 2005; DD; <Gy Peck= Niagara. Go:. day (7. paludosa) or 3-4 days (T. oler-
Lewiston (Niagara Falls Country Club), acea) of their brief reproductive lives,
1 September 2004, E. R. Hoebeke & C. either in a single batch because gravid
Klass: )2 1) Septembere2005 51D. -C Beck: females are unable to fly any distance
Lockport (Willowbrook Golf Course), (T. paludosa) or in_ several batches
21 September 2005, D. C. Peck; Niagara because gravid females are more capable
Falls. (Hyde. Park..Golf Course); 21 fliers (7. oleracea). Each will deposit
September 2005, D. C. Peck; Niagara 200-300 black eggs at or near the soil
Falls (Goat Island State Park), 9 Sep- surface, hatching in 1.542 (T. paludosa)
tember 2004, W. Ellsworth; Youngstown or | (T. oleracea) weeks. The thick-
(Four Mile Island State Park), 9 Sep- skinned larvae are commonly known as
tember 2004, W. Ellsworth. leatherjackets; these will develop through
Tipula oleracea L. (Fig. 2)4UNITED four instars and reach 3-4 cm in length
STATES: New York: Monroe Co., Pitts- before pupation. Larvae mostly inhabit
ford (Locust Hill Country Club), 4 the top 3 cm of the soil where they feed
September 2005, Ds C. Peck: Nassau on the roots, root hairs, crowns and
Co., New Hyde Park, 24-30 April 2006, blades of turfgrass. On warm humid
N. Lolis, on outside of house. Niagara nights, larger larvae may emerge to
Co., Lockport (Niagara County Golf forage on stems and grass blades on the
Course), 24 June 2004, K. Kreppenneck; soil surface. The most salient difference
1 July 2004, E. R. Hoebeke & C. Klass; between the two species is that T.
1 September 2004, E. R. Hoebeke & paludosa is univoltine, with adult emer-
@. Klass; 9-June 2005) BP R.. <Hoebeke & gence in the fall. Larvae overwinter as
C. Klass; Lockport (Willowbrook Golf third instars, develop through fourth
Course), 9 June 2005, E. R. Hoebeke & C. instars in the spring, and by early June
Klass; Youngstown (Niagara Frontier will move 345 cm deep in the soil where
Golf Club), 9 June 2005, E. R. Hoebeke they remain in a non-feeding stage for 64
& C. Klass. Oswego Co., Fulton (Battle 8 weeks until pupation. In contrast, 7.
Island Golf Club), | September 2005, D. oleracea is bivoltine with adult emer-
@yePecks 24) September 2005,) EvakR: gence in both spring and fall. This
Hoebeke. species lacks a long aestivation stage.
BIONOMICS DAMAGE AND PEstT STATUS
The biology of both species is included The impact and management of 7.
in reviews by Wilkinson and MacCarthy paludosa and T. oleracea are reviewed
(1967), Jackson and Campbell (1975), and summarized in Wilkinson and Mac-
and Blackshaw and Coll (1999), as well Carthy (1967) and Blackshaw and Coll
as a review of the family Tipulidae by (1999). All turf and forage grass species
Pritchard (1983). As summarized here appear to be acceptable hosts for larvae
from the literature, many aspects of the (Pesho et al. 1981). West of the Cascades,
biology of 7. paludosa and T. oleracea they are regarded as the most serious
are similar. Mature pupae wriggle to the insect pests in lawns, pastures and hay
soil surface so the adult fly can emerge. fields (see: http://www.puyallup.wsu.edu/turf/
On low mown turf, like golf course tees research/cranefly.htm). Although problem-
and putting greens, the pupal exuviae atic in any type of turfgrass management
look like black twigs poking up from the system, they are dependent on moist soil
surface where they can be readily de- conditions and according to. studies
tected. Adult females will emerge, mate conducted in Europe, survival is favored
and lay most of their eggs within the first by mild winters and wet, cool summers
VOLUME 108, NUMBER 4 989
(Maercks 1941, cited by Wilkinson and
MacCarthy 1967). In addition to
grasses, leatherjackets have the potential
to affect cereal and other crops in North
America. In British Columbia they are
serious pests in seedling nurseries, af-
fecting transplant bare root stock, but
also container stock where they girdle
the stem at the soil line (Sutherland et al.
1989). In Oregon, they have become
problematic in cultivated peppermint
(Rao and Gelhaus 2003) and grass seed
fields (Rao et al. 2001) and are linked to
damage in winter wheat and turnips (S.
Rao, personal communication). In their
endemic European range, they are in-
jurious pests of winter and spring cereals ig, 3 Wing base of Tipula paludosa, showing
and can become troublesome in a variety squamal hairs (arrow).
of minor crops ranging from flowers,
crucifers and brassicas to sugar beets, on the Mississippi Gulf Coast (Held and
carrots and berries (Blackshaw and Coll Gelhaus 2006).
1999):
FIELD OBSERVATIONS IN NEw YORK
One study in the northwest U.S.
estimated that 46% of homeowners in The relative abundance, habits, and
western Washington treated for leather- host preferences of both 7: paludosa and
jackets at an estimated annual cost of T. oleracea were documented by DCP in
$12.9 million for homeowner applied 2004, based on personal observations at
treatments (LaGasa and = Antonelli two golf course sites in northwestern
2000). Economic damage estimates from New York and on personal communica-
Europe portend the potential threat of tions from golf course personnel of these
leatherjackets to regions in the U.S. facilities. Despite some anecdotal obser-
where they become established. For vations, no visual damage to turf could
instance, studies from Northern Ireland be definitively associated with the pres-
estimated leatherjacket damage to forage ence of larvae. These field observations
grasses at >£15 million each year, with are summarized below.
yield increases of 74% after control of Lewiston (Niagara Co.).4Populations
larvae (Blackshaw 1994). of JT. paludosa were widespread and
Of over 1600 species of crane flies abundant at the Niagara Falls Country
reported for the U.S., few others are Club. In spring 2004, the golf course
linked to agricultural damage. Two superintendent estimated some _ larval
contemporary grass pests are Tipula populations to be on the order of 304
simplex Doane and Tipula umbrosa Loew 40/ft- in the rough, possibly associated
(Beckwiandijieldantspress)iirlhe srange with sparse damage (K. Holthouse,
crane fly, 7. simplex, is a pest of non- personal communication). Those popu-
irrigated pastureland throughout central lation levels fell well within suggested
California (Hartman and Hynes 1977), economic control thresholds that range
while 7. umbrosa has been recently widely from 15440/ft9 (Campbell 1975,
reported as damaging in centipede grass Charbonneau and Dupuis 1999). The
(Eremochloa ophiuroides [Munro] Hack.) superintendent reported seeing fall pop-
990 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
4
errs STE
ks The TSE SLITS OF VF
SSI erwe n
Figs. 4-5. Wing of Tipula oleracea, illustrating darker area and whitish stripe along the leading
(costal) margin. 1, With light background. 2, With dark background.
ulations of adult crane flies from 2001 to flitting about low over the grass and in
2003, suggesting the possibility that they copula, Another visit was made on 11
were established as much as three years October 2004. Despite being so late in
prior to their first confirmation. No the season, a live larva and a few adults
adult emergence in the spring associated were still observed. A broader survey of
with the presence of 7. oleracea was crane fly incidence across the course
noted. Crane fly larval habitat at this site showed that pupal exuviae or adults
included perennial ryegrass (Lolium per- were still detected on 100% of holes
enne L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pra- (n = 13), 70% of tees (n = 37) and 56%
tensis L.), annual bluegrass (Poa annua of the greens (n = 9) that were sampled.
L.) and tall fescue (Festuca rubra L.). Lockport (Niagara Co.).4At this site,
During a visit on 9 September 2004, populations of 7. oleracea were relatively
hundreds of dead and dying adults were sparse. Starting mid May, the superin-
found clinging to the tips of branches on tendent reported seeing abundant (<<hun-
a hedgerow which bordered roughs dreds of99) pupae and low-flying adults
along the length of two fairways where around one green and one tee in partic-
infestations were greatest. Live pupae ular that bordered a stream and woods
and pupal exuviae were seen on various (K. Kreppenneck, personal communica-
tees and greens. Active adults were seen tion). He described visible damage in the
VOLUME 108, NUMBER 4 991
form of scalping and discoloration of the several morphological features (Coe et
grass in a <1-inch diameter area around al. 1950, Den Hollander 1975, LaGasa
some of the spots where the pupal 2000). Ventral spacing between the eyes
exuviae emerged. He noticed exuviae at is two or more times the width of the
a few other greens on the course as well, scape in 7. paludosa (Fig. 6), whereas it
including the practice green near the is much narrower in 7. oleracea, at most
clubhouse. Crane fly larval habitat at equal to the width of the scape (Fig. 7).
this site included P. annua, P. pratensis There are 14 antennal segments in 7:
and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stoloni- paludosa compared to 13 in 7. oleracea.
ferat2). The eye and antennal characters apply to
During a visit on 28 June 2004, soil both males and females. An additional
core sampling on the green where the character for females is wing to abdom-
original infestation occurred did not inal length ratio. Wings of female 7.
yield any specimens in addition to those paludosa are shorter than the abdomen
sent previously by the golf course. On | (Fig. 8), while wings of female 7. o/er-
July 2004, no specimens were found after acea are Clearly longer than the abdomen
extensive scouting with soap drenches to (Fis9)s Ini <the (case (of maales; cathe
flush larvae, soil cores to dig for larvae, genitalic characters are quite distinct
and visual searches for pupal exuviae. between the two species as illustrated in
Sweep net samples from the surrounding Figs. 10-11.
woods and vegetation, however, yielded There are no reliable morphological
one additional 7. oleracea female. characters for separating larvae of T.
paludosa and T. oleracea from each
RECOGNITION FEATURES other. Although the anal papillae of
Adults of Tipula paludosa and_ T. larvae are dimorphic (Brindle 1960), this
oleracea are almost identical in appear- character is not robust enough to be
ance with grayish-brown bodies. Adults diagnostic (Humphreys et al. 1993). The
are 1.542.5 cm long (not including legs), only confident means of identifying
pupae 3.043.5 cm, mature larvae 3-4 cm, larvae is to rear them to adult. Neverthe-
and eggs 0.1 cm. Among some common less, larvae of the subgenus Tipula
native species of 7ipu/a occurring in the (Tipula) (including paludosa, oleracea)
same habitats (lawns and wet pastures), can be separated from other North
adults of these two exotic species can be American Tipula by referring to the
recognized by the wing base with a patch larval key presented in Gelhaus (1986).
of short, but distinct, squamal hairs A recent study has shown that mito-
(Fig. 3) (Alexander and Byers 1981). chondrial DNA cytB sequencing is an
Another distinguishing feature of these accurate method for separating the
immigrant crane flies is that the leading larvae and adults of 7. paludosa and T.
edge of the wing is bordered by a narrow oleracea from each other and from native
smoky band adjacent to a whitish band. species (Rao et al. 2006). Also, Brindle
This feature is best observed against (1960) listed features useful for distin-
a light- and dark-colored background, guishing pupae of the two species.
respectively (Figs. 4-5). Unlike many
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
other native species, there are no pig-
mented areas on the veins or cross-veins We thank Brian Eshenaur (Cornell
and no other spots or <8pictures=9 on the Cooperative Extension, Monroe Co.),
wings. John Farfaglia (Cornell Cooperative
Adults of both species can be reliably Extension, Niagara Co.), Khlar Holt-
differentiated from each other based on house (Niagara Falls Country Club,
992 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 6-11. Diagnostic characters for separating the European crane flies Tipula paludosa and T.
oleracea. 647, Ventral surface of head illustrating compound eye separation. 6, 7. paludosa. 7, T. oleracea.
8-9, Wing length compared to abdominal length (females only). 8, Wings shorter than abdomen (7.
paludosa). 9, Wings longer than abdomen (T. oleracea). 10-11, Male genitalia (left inner gonostylus, dorsal
aspect). 10, 7. paludosa. 11, T. oleracea. (Note: In intact male specimens, the large, flap-like outer
gonostylus conceals most of the inner gonostylus; to properly examine the inner gonostylus, the outer
gonostylus must be moved or removed.)
VOLUME 108, NUMBER 4 993
Lewiston, NY) and Kevin Kreppenneck the view of the U.S. Department of
(Niagara County Golf Course, Lock- Agriculture.
port, NY) for alerting us to initial
populations of European crane flies: LITERATURE CITED
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95-102.
Carnes (NYS Dept. of Agriculture &
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