Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology

1170 Pages·2003·28.875 MB·English

by  Moselio Schaechter (editor)

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The Desk Encyclopedia
of Microbiology

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The Desk Encyclopedia
of Microbiology
Editor
Moselio Schaechter
Consulting Editor
Joshua Lederberg
Amsterdam (cid:1) Boston (cid:1) Heidelberg (cid:1) London (cid:1) New York (cid:1) Oxford
Paris (cid:1) San Diego (cid:1) San Francisco (cid:1) Singapore (cid:1) Sydney (cid:1) Tokyo
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This book is printed on acid-free paper
Copyright © 2004, Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights
Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ((cid:2)44) 1865 843830, fax: ((cid:2)44) 1865 853333,
e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via
the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’
and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’
Elsevier Academic Press
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA
http://www.elsevier.com
Elsevier Academic Press
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http://www.elsevier.com
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2002114100
ISBN 0-12-621361-5
Printed and bound in China
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Contents
Contributors x
Preface xvii
General websites xviii
1. Adhesion, Bacterial
Matthew A. Mulvey and Scott J. Hultgren 1
2. Agrobacterium and plant cell transformation
Peter J. Christie 10
3. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
Julian Davies and Vera Webb 25
4. Antifungal agents
Ana Espinel-Ingroff 47
5. Antisense RNAs
Andrea Denise Branch 68
6. Antiviral agents
Richard J. Whitley 84
7. Archaea
Paul Blum and Vidula Dikshit 108
8. Attenuation, Transcriptional
Charles Yanofsky 117
9. Bacillus subtilis, Genetics
Kevin M. Devine 126
10. Bacteriophages
Hans-Wolfgang Ackermann 135
11. Biocides (Nonpublic health, Nonagricultural antimicrobials)
Mohammad Sondossi 147
12. Biofilms and biofouling
Karen T. Elvers and Hilary M. Lappin-Scott 161
13. Biological warfare
James A. Poupard and Linda A. Miller 168
14. Bioluminescence, Microbial
J. Woodland Hastings 180
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15. Bioreactors
Larry E. Erickson 189
16. Bioremediation
Joseph B. Hughes, C. Nelson Neale, and C. Herb Ward 196
17. Biosensors
Yoko Nomura and Isao Karube 216
18. Cell membrane: structure and function
Robert J. Kadner 222
19. Cell Walls, Bacterial
Joachim-Volker Höltje 239
20. Chemotaxis
Jeff Stock and Sandra Da Re 251
21. Chromosome, Bacterial
Karl Drlica and Arnold J. Bendich 259
22. Conjugation, Bacterial
Laura S. Frost 271
23. Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S layers)
Uwe B. Sleytr and Paul Messner 286
24. Culture collections and their databases
Mary K. B. Berlyn 294
25. Developmental processes in bacteria
Yves V. Brun 314
26. Diversity, Microbial
Charles R. Lovell 326
27. DNArepair
Lawrence Grossman 340
28. DNAreplication
James A. Hejna and Robb E. Moses 350
29. DNArestriction and modification
Noreen E. Murray 358
30. DNAsequencing and genomics
Brian A. Dougherty 371
31. Ecology, Microbial
Michael J. Klug and David A. Odelson 381
32. Emerging infections
David L. Heymann 387
33. Energy transduction processes: from respiration to photosynthesis
Stuart J. Ferguson 394
34. Enteropathogenic bacteria
Farah K. Bahrani-Mougeot and Michael S. Donnenberg 403
35. Escherichia coliand Salmonella, Genetics
K. Brooks Low 415
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36. Exotoxins
Joseph T. Barbieri 427
37. Extremophiles
Ricardo Cavicchioli and Torsten Thomas 436
38. Fimbriae, Pili
Matthew A. Mulvey, Karen W. Dodson, Gabriel E. Soto, and Scott J. Hultgren 454
39. Flagella
Shin-Ichi Aizawa 470
40. Food-borne illnesses
David W. K. Acheson 480
41. Fungal infections, Cutaneous
Peter G. Sohnle and David K. Wagner 499
42. Fungal infections, Systemic
Arturo Casadevall 507
43. Gastrointestinal microbiology
T. G. Nagaraja 514
44. Genetically modified organisms: guidelines and regulations for research
Sue Tolin and Anne Vidaver 526
45. Genomes, Mapping of Bacterial
J. Guespin-Michel and F. Joset 536
46. Germ-free animal techniques
Bernard S. Wostmann 547
47. Gram-negative anaerobic pathogens
Arthur O. Tzianabos, Laurie E. Comstock, and Dennis L. Kasper 554
48. Gram-negative cocci, Pathogenic
Emil C. Gotschlich 562
49. Heat stress
Christophe Herman and Carol A. Gross 574
50. Horizontal transfer of genes between microorganisms
Jack A. Heinemann 582
51. Human immunodeficiency virus
Luc Montagnier 591
52. Identification of bacteria, Computerized
Trevor N. Bryant 602
53. Industrial fermentation processes
Thomas M. Anderson 613
54. Insect’s symbiotic microorganisms
A. E. Douglas 626
55. Iron metabolism
Charles F. Earhart 637
56. Lipopolysaccharides
Chris Whitfield 645
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57. Methanogenesis
Kevin R. Sowers 659
58. Methylotrophy
J. Colin Murrell and Ian R. McDonald 680
59. Nitrogen cycle
Roger Knowles 690
60. Nitrogen fixation
L. David Kuykendall, Fawzy M. Hashem, Robert B. Dadson, and Gerald H. Elkan 702
61. Nodule formation in legumes
Peter H. Graham 715
62. Nutrition of microorganisms
Thomas Egli 725
63. Oral microbiology
Ian R. Hamilton and George H. Bowden 739
64. Osmotic stress
Douglas H. Bartlett and Mary F. Roberts 754
65. Outer membrane, Gram-negative bacteria
Mary J. Osborn 767
66. Oxidative stress
Pablo J. Pomposiello and Bruce Demple 775
67. pH Stress
Joan L. Slonczewski 781
68. Plant pathogens
George N. Agrios 789
69. Plasmids, Bacterial
Christopher M. Thomas 808
70. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Carol J. Palmer and Christine Paszko-Kolva 824
71. Prions
Christine Musahl and Adriano Aguzzi 829
72. Protein secretion
Donald B. Oliver and Jorge Galan 842
73. Quorum sensing in gram-negative bacteria
Clay Fuqua 859
74. Recombinant DNA, Basic procedures
Judith W. Zyskind 870
75. Sexually transmitted diseases
Jane A. Cecil and Thomas C. Quinn 879
76. Skin microbiology
Morton N. Swartz 899
77. Soil microbiology
Kate M. Scow 914