Design of Reinforced Concrete

2016·13.87 MB·English

by  Jack C. McCormac

Title Page Page: i
Copyright Page: ii
Contents Page: iii
Preface Page: xi
Chapter 1 Introduction Page: 1
1.1 Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Page: 1
1.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material Page: 1
1.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material Page: 2
1.4 Historical Background Page: 3
1.5 Comparison of Reinforced Concrete and Structural Steel for Buildings and Bridges Page: 5
1.6 Compatibility of Concrete and Steel Page: 6
1.7 Design Codes Page: 6
1.8 Summary of 2014 ACI Code Changes Page: 7
Reorganization Page: 7
New Chapters Page: 7
Tables Page: 7
Other Changes Page: 7
1.9 SI Units and Shaded Areas Page: 7
1.10 Types of Portland Cement Page: 8
1.11 Admixtures Page: 9
1.12 Properties of Concrete Page: 10
Compressive Strength Page: 10
Static Modulus of Elasticity Page: 12
Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity Page: 13
Poisson’s Ratio Page: 13
Shrinkage Page: 14
Creep Page: 15
Tensile Strength Page: 15
Shear Strength Page: 17
1.13 Aggregates Page: 17
1.14 High-Strength Concretes Page: 18
1.15 Fiber-Reinforced Concretes Page: 20
1.16 Concrete Durability Page: 21
1.17 Reinforcing Steel Page: 21
1.18 Grades of Reinforcing Steel Page: 23
1.19 SI Bar Sizes and Material Strengths Page: 24
1.20 Corrosive Environments Page: 26
1.21 Identifying Marks on Reinforcing Bars Page: 26
1.22 Introduction to Loads Page: 26
1.23 Dead Loads Page: 27
1.24 Live Loads Page: 28
1.25 Environmental Loads Page: 30
1.26 Selection of Design Loads Page: 31
1.27 Calculation Accuracy Page: 32
1.28 Impact of Computers on Reinforced Concrete Design Page: 33
Problems Page: 33
Chapter 2 Flexural Analysis of Beams Page: 34
2.1 Introduction Page: 34
Uncracked Concrete Stage Page: 34
Concrete Cracked–Elastic Stresses Stage Page: 34
Beam Failure—Ultimate-Strength Stage Page: 35
2.2 Cracking Moment Page: 37
2.3 Elastic Stresses-Concrete Cracked Page: 40
Discussion Page: 43
2.4 Ultimate or Nominal Flexural Moments Page: 47
2.5 SI Example Page: 50
2.6 Computer Examples Page: 51
Problems Page: 53
Chapter 3 Strength Analysis of Beams According to ACI Code Page: 64
3.1 Design Methods Page: 64
3.2 Advantages of Strength Design Page: 65
3.3 Structural Safety Page: 65
3.4 Derivation of Beam Expressions Page: 66
3.5 Strains in Flexural Members Page: 69
3.6 Balanced Sections, Tension-Controlled Sections, and Compression-Controlled or Brittle Sections Page: 70
3.7 Strength Reduction or ø Factors Page: 70
3.8 Minimum Percentage of Steel Page: 72
3.9 Balanced Steel Percentage Page: 74
3.10 Example Problems Page: 75
3.11 Computer Examples Page: 79
Problems Page: 79
Chapter 4 Design of Rectangular Beams and One-Way Slabs Page: 81
4.1 Load Factors Page: 81
4.2 Design of Rectangular Beams Page: 83
4.3 Beam Design Examples Page: 88
Use of Graphs and Tables Page: 89
4.4 Miscellaneous Beam Considerations Page: 94
Lateral Support Page: 94
Skin Reinforcement for Deep Beams Page: 94
Other Items Page: 95
Further Notes on Beam Sizes Page: 95
4.5 Determining Steel Area When Beam Dimensions Are Predetermined Page: 95
Appendix Tables Page: 95
Use of p Formula Page: 95
Trial-and-Error (Iterative) Method Page: 96
4.6 Bundled Bars Page: 97
4.7 One-Way Slabs Page: 98
4.8 Cantilever Beams and Continuous Beams Page: 101
4.9 SI Example Page: 102
4.10 Computer Example Page: 104
Problems Page: 105
Chapter 5 Analysis and Design of T Beams and Doubly Reinforced Beams Page: 110
5.1 T Beams Page: 110
5.2 Analysis of T Beams Page: 112
5.3 Another Method for Analyzing T Beams Page: 116
5.4 Design of T Beams Page: 117
5.5 Design of T Beams for Negative Moments Page: 123
5.6 L-Shaped Beams Page: 125
5.7 Compression Steel Page: 125
5.8 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams Page: 130
5.9 SI Examples Page: 134
5.10 Computer Examples Page: 136
Problems Page: 141
Chapter 6 Serviceability Page: 152
6.1 Introduction Page: 152
6.2 Importance of Deflections Page: 152
6.3 Control of Deflections Page: 153
Minimum Thicknesses Page: 153
Maximum Deflections Page: 153
Camber Page: 154
6.4 Calculation of Deflections Page: 154
6.5 Effective Moments of Inertia Page: 154
6.6 Long-Term Deflections Page: 157
6.7 Simple-Beam Deflections Page: 159
6.8 Continuous-Beam Deflections Page: 161
6.9 Types of Cracks Page: 167
6.10 Control of Flexural Cracks Page: 168
6.11 ACI Code Provisions Concerning Cracks Page: 171
6.12 SI Example Page: 172
6.13 Miscellaneous Cracks Page: 173
6.14 Computer Example Page: 173
Problems Page: 175
Chapter 7 Bond, Development Lengths, and Splices Page: 180
7.1 Cutting Off or Bending Bars Page: 180
7.2 Bond Stresses Page: 183
7.3 Development Lengths for Tension Reinforcement Page: 185
7.4 Development Lengths for Bundled Bars Page: 193
7.5 Hooks Page: 194
7.6 Development Lengths for Welded Wire Fabric in Tension Page: 200
7.7 Development Lengths for Compression Bars Page: 201
7.8 Critical Sections for Development Length Page: 203
7.9 Effect of Combined Shear and Moment on Development Lengths Page: 203
7.10 Effect of Shape of Moment Diagram on Development Lengths Page: 204
7.11 Cutting Off or Bending Bars (Continued) Page: 205
7.12 Bar Splices in Flexural Members Page: 208
7.13 Tension Splices Page: 209
7.14 Compression Splices Page: 210
7.15 Headed and Mechanically Anchored Bars Page: 211
7.16 SI Example Page: 212
7.17 Computer Example Page: 213
Problems Page: 214
Chapter 8 Shear and Diagonal Tension Page: 220
8.1 Introduction Page: 220
8.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams Page: 220
8.3 Lightweight Concrete Page: 221
8.4 Shear Strength of Concrete Page: 221
8.5 Shear Cracking of Reinforced Concrete Beams Page: 223
8.6 Web Reinforcement Page: 224
8.7 Behavior of Beams with Web Reinforcement Page: 225
8.8 Design for Shear Page: 227
8.9 ACI Code Requirements Page: 229
8.10 Shear Design Example Problems Page: 233
8.11 Economical Spacing of Stirrups Page: 243
8.12 Shear Friction and Corbels Page: 245
8.13 Shear Strength of Members Subjected to Axial Forces Page: 247
8.14 Shear Design Provisions for Deep Beams Page: 249
8.15 Introductory Comments on Torsion Page: 250
8.16 SI Example Page: 252
8.17 Computer Example Page: 253
Problems Page: 254
Chapter 9 Introduction to Columns Page: 259
9.1 General Page: 259
9.2 Types of Columns Page: 260
9.3 Axial Load Capacity of Columns Page: 262
9.4 Failure of Tied and Spiral Columns Page: 262
9.5 Code Requirements for Cast-in-Place Columns Page: 265
9.6 Safety Provisions for Columns Page: 267
9.7 Design Formulas Page: 268
9.8 Comments on Economical Column Design Page: 269
9.9 Design of Axially Loaded Columns Page: 270
9.10 SI Example Page: 273
9.11 Computer Example Page: 274
Problems Page: 275
Chapter 10 Design of Short Columns Subject to Axial Load and Bending Page: 277
10.1 Axial Load and Bending Page: 277
10.2 The Plastic Centroid Page: 278
10.3 Development of Interaction Diagrams Page: 280
10.4 Use of Interaction Diagrams Page: 286
10.5 Code Modifications of Column Interaction Diagrams Page: 288
10.6 Design and Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded Columns Using Interaction Diagrams Page: 289
Caution Page: 290
10.7 Shear in Columns Page: 297
10.8 Biaxial Bending Page: 298
10.9 Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns Page: 302
10.10 Continued Discussion of Capacity Reduction Factors, ø Page: 305
10.11 Computer Example Page: 306
Problems Page: 308
Chapter 11 Slender Columns Page: 313
11.1 Introduction Page: 313
11.2 Nonsway and Sway Frames Page: 313
11.3 Slenderness Effects Page: 314
Unsupported Lengths Page: 314
Effective Length Factors Page: 314
11.4 Determining k Factors with Alignment Charts Page: 316
11.5 Determining k Factors with Equations Page: 318
11.6 First-Order Analyses Using Special Member Properties Page: 319
11.7 Slender Columns in Nonsway and Sway Frames Page: 320
Avoiding Slender Columns Page: 321
11.8 ACI Code Treatments of Slenderness Effects Page: 323
11.9 Magnification of Column Moments in Nonsway Frames Page: 323
11.10 Magnification of Column Moments in Sway Frames Page: 328
11.11 Analysis of Sway Frames Page: 331
11.12 Computer Examples Page: 337
Problems Page: 340
Chapter 12 Footings Page: 343
12.1 Introduction Page: 343
12.2 Types of Footings Page: 343
12.3 Actual Soil Pressures Page: 345
12.4 Allowable Soil Pressures Page: 346
12.5 Design of Wall Footings Page: 348
12.6 Design of Square Isolated Footings Page: 353
Shears Page: 354
Moments Page: 357
12.7 Footings Supporting Round or Regular Polygon-Shaped Columns Page: 359
12.8 Load Transfer from Columns to Footings Page: 359
12.9 Rectangular Isolated Footings Page: 364
12.10 Combined Footings Page: 367
12.11 Footing Design for Equal Settlements Page: 373
12.12 Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments Page: 375
12.13 Transfer of Horizontal Forces Page: 377
12.14 Plain Concrete Footings Page: 378
12.15 SI Example Page: 381
12.16 Computer Examples Page: 383
Problems Page: 386
Chapter 13 Retaining Walls Page: 389
13.1 Introduction Page: 389
13.2 Types of Retaining Walls Page: 389
13.3 Drainage Page: 392
13.4 Failures of Retaining Walls Page: 393
13.5 Lateral Pressure on Retaining Walls Page: 393
13.6 Footing Soil Pressures Page: 398
13.7 Design of Semigravity Retaining Walls Page: 399
13.8 Effect of Surcharge Page: 402
13.9 Estimating the Sizes of Cantilever Retaining Walls Page: 403
Height of Wall Page: 403
Stem Thickness Page: 403
Base Thickness Page: 404
Base Length Page: 404
13.10 Design Procedure for Cantilever Retaining Walls Page: 407
Stem Page: 407
Factor of Safety against Overturning Page: 408
Factor of Safety against Sliding Page: 408
Heel Design Page: 410
Toe Design Page: 410
13.11 Cracks and Wall Joints Page: 418
Problems Page: 420
Chapter 14 Continuous Reinforced Concrete Structures Page: 425
14.1 Introduction Page: 425
14.2 General Discussion of Analysis Methods Page: 425
14.3 Qualitative Influence Lines Page: 425
14.4 Limit Design Page: 428
The Collapse Mechanism Page: 430
Plastic Analysis by the Equilibrium Method Page: 431
14.5 Limit Design under the ACI Code Page: 435
14.6 Preliminary Design of Members Page: 438
14.7 Approximate Analysis of Continuous Frames for Vertical Loads Page: 438
ACI Coefficients for Continuous Beams and Slabs Page: 439
Equivalent Rigid-Frame Method Page: 444
Assumed Points of Inflection Page: 448
14.8 Approximate Analysis of Continuous Frames for Lateral Loads Page: 448
Frame Analysis by Portal Method Page: 450
14.9 Computer Analysis of Building Frames Page: 451
14.10 Lateral Bracing for Buildings Page: 452
14.11 Development Length Requirements for Continuous Members Page: 452
Positive-Moment Reinforcement Page: 452
Negative-Moment Reinforcement Page: 455
Problems Page: 458
Chapter 15 Torsion Page: 463
15.1 Introduction Page: 463
15.2 Torsional Reinforcing Page: 464
15.3 Torsional Moments That Have to Be Considered in Design Page: 467
15.4 Torsional Stresses Page: 468
15.5 When Torsional Reinforcement Is Required by the ACI Page: 469
15.6 Torsional Moment Strength Page: 470
15.7 Design of Torsional Reinforcing Page: 471
15.8 Additional ACI Requirements Page: 472
15.9 Example Problems Using U.S. Customary Units Page: 473
15.10 SI Equations and Example Problem Page: 476
15.11 Computer Example Page: 480
Problems Page: 481
Chapter 16 Two-Way Slabs, Direct Design Method Page: 485
16.1 Introduction Page: 485
16.2 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs Page: 488
16.3 Design of Two-Way Slabs by the ACI Code Page: 488
Direct Design Method Page: 488
Equivalent Frame Method Page: 488
Design for Lateral Loads Page: 489
16.4 Column and Middle Strips Page: 489
16.5 Shear Resistance of Slabs Page: 490
16.6 Depth Limitations and Stiffness Requirements Page: 492
Slabs without Interior Beams Page: 492
Slabs with Interior Beams Page: 495
16.7 Limitations of Direct Design Method Page: 498
16.8 Distribution of Moments in Slabs Page: 498
16.9 Design of an Interior Flat Plate Page: 504
16.10 Placing of Live Loads Page: 508
16.11 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs with Beams Page: 509
16.12 Transfer of Moments and Shears between Slabs and Columns Page: 515
Factored Moments in Columns and Walls Page: 520
16.13 Openings in Slab Systems Page: 520
16.14 Computer Example Page: 521
Problems Page: 523
Chapter 17 Two-Way Slabs, Equivalent Frame Method Page: 524
17.1 Moment Distribution for Nonprismatic Members Page: 524
17.2 Introduction to the Equivalent Frame Method Page: 525
17.3 Properties of Slab Beams Page: 527
17.4 Properties of Columns Page: 530
17.5 Example Problem Page: 532
17.6 Computer Analysis Page: 536
17.7 Computer Example Page: 537
Problems Page: 538
Chapter 18 Walls Page: 539
18.1 Introduction Page: 539
18.2 Non-Load-Bearing Walls Page: 539
18.3 Load-Bearing Concrete Walls-Empirical Design Method Page: 540
18.4 Load-Bearing Concrete Walls-Rational Design Page: 543
18.5 Shear Walls Page: 545
18.6 ACI Provisions for Shear Walls Page: 549
18.7 Economy in Wall Construction Page: 555
18.8 Computer Example Page: 555
Problems Page: 557
Chapter 19 Prestressed Concrete Page: 559
19.1 Introduction Page: 559
19.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Prestressed Concrete Page: 561
Advantages Page: 561
Disadvantages Page: 561
19.3 Pretensioning and Posttensioning Page: 561
19.4 Materials Used for Prestressed Concrete Page: 562
19.5 Stress Calculations Page: 564
19.6 Shapes of Prestressed Sections Page: 568
19.7 Prestress Losses Page: 570
Elastic Shortening of the Concrete Page: 571
Shrinkage and Creep of the Concrete Page: 572
Relaxation or Creep in the Tendons Page: 573
Slippage in Posttensioning End Anchorage Systems Page: 573
Friction along the Ducts Used in Posttensioning Page: 573
19.8 Ultimate Strength of Prestressed Sections Page: 573
Discussion Page: 576
19.9 Deflections Page: 576
Additional Deflection Comments Page: 580
19.10 Shear in Prestressed Sections Page: 580
Approximate Method Page: 581
More Detailed Analysis Page: 581
19.11 Design of Shear Reinforcement Page: 582
19.12 Additional Topics Page: 586
Stresses in End Blocks Page: 586
Composite Construction Page: 586
Continuous Members Page: 587
Partial Prestressing Page: 587
19.13 Computer Example Page: 588
Problems Page: 589
Appendix A Tables and Graphs: U.S. Customary Units Page: 593
Appendix B Tables in SI Units Page: 631
Glossary Page: 637
Index Page: 641
EULA Page: 655