Design of Modern Transistor Circuits

190 Pages·1973·87.095 MB·English

by  Maurice Yunik

DESIGN
PRENTICE-HALL SERIES IN ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY
OF
Dr. IRviING L. Kosow,editor
Charles M. Thomson, Joseph J. Gershon,
and Joseph A. Labok, consulting editors MODERN TRANSISTOR
CIRCUITS
MAURICE YUNIK
Departmentof Electrical Engineering
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Canada

PRENTICE-HALL, INC., EnglewoodCliffs, New Jersey
_ Library ofCongress Cataloging in Publication Data
Yunik, MAvRIce. os
Design of modern transistorcircuits.
(Prentice-Hallseries in electronic technology)
1. Transistor circuits. 2. Electronic circuit
design. I. Title.
TK7871.9Y85 621.3815’3’0422 72-6047
ISBN 0-13-201285-5
© 1973 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. i To my wife
EnglewoodCliffs, New Jersey
and my parents

All rights reserved. No part of this
book may be reproduced in any form
or by any meanswithout permission
in writing from the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
10987654321
PRENTICE-HALL INTERNATIONAL, INC., London
PRENTICE-HALL OF AUSTRALIA, PTY., LTD., Sydney
PRENTICE-HALL OF CANADA, LTD., Toronto
PRENTICE-HALL OF INDIA (PRIVATE) LTD., New Delhi
PRENTICE-HALL OF JAPAN, INC., Tokyo
f
H
Hi
CONTENTS

‘s of Circuit Theory
ces of
Theorems 3
and Current Division
ve Networks 7
al Sources ¥
: rposition 10
Input and Output Impedance 12
Amplifier

al Behavior of Transistors 16
t Behavior of a Transistor 19
ols for a Transistor 20
ansistor as Current Amplifier 22
Contents ix
CHAPTER 3
Two-Port Parameters
1 Base and Common Collector Amplifiers
and Two-Port Equivalent Circuits
_ Biasing the CB Amplifier 115
3.1 Definitions and Terminology for Two-Ports 33 Electronic Properties of the CB Amplifier 116
3.2. Types of Two-Port Parameters 34 wo-Stage Amplifiers 122
3.3 Hybrid Equivalent Circuit 3S on Collector
3.4 Characteristic Curves and h-Parameters 40 litter Follower) Amplifier 128
3.5 Dynamic Measurement of h-Parameters 43 Line Analysis for the Emitter Follower 135
3.6 z-Parameters and the Equivalent Circuit 47 trapped Amplifiers 136
n of Amplifier Circuits 142
je Examples of Unusual Cascading 142
CHAPTER 4
Biased Common Emitter Amplifier
|
4.1 Constant Current Biasing 52
4.2 H-type Biasing aD
4.3 Current-Feedback Biasing 58
ransistor
4.4 Use of Equivalent Circuit
ion of the Junction FET (JFET) 155
for a Transistor in Biased State 60

4.5 Voltage Gain, Input and Output Impedance ulated Gate FET (IGFET) 159
valent Circuit for the FET 161
of a Current Biased Amplifier 61
164
4.6 Load Line Analysis 68
4.7 _H-type Biased Amplifier 73 ll Signal Analysis of an FET Amplifier 168
4.8 Unbypassed Emitter Resistor Amplifier 75 mon Drain Amplifier (Source Follower) 171
mn Gate Amplifier 175
as a Voltage Variable Resistor 176
CHAPTER 5
Generic Equivalent Circuit
5.1 Semiconductor Diode 85
5.2. Use of Semiconductor Diode 92
5.3 Extension of Diode Equation
to the Transistor 97
uit Specifications 181
5.4 Generic and Tee Models for a Transistor 100
sistor Specifications 182
5.5 h- and r-Parameter Interrelationships 104
ithmic Gain 188
5.6 Properties of Common Emitter Amplifier
Frequency-Response Plots 189
Using Tee Model 109
Frequency- Response Plots 192
x Contents
Contents xi
CHAPTER 9 >
ER
Low-Frequency Responseof Transistor Amplifiers 201
ack Amplifiers and Oscillators
9.1 High-Pass R-C Filter 201
Basic Feedback Theory 309
9.2 Input Coupling Capacitor 203
_ Circuits with Negative Voltage Feedback SIS
9.3 | Emitter Bypass Capacitor 205
_ Additional Advantages of Negative Feedback 318
9.4 Multistage Capacitive Coupling 210
Current-Feedback Amplifiers 321
9.5 Combined Effects of the Two
Stability of Feedback Amplifiers:
Coupling Capacitors 211 in
Nyquist Criterion 326
9.6 Combined Effects of the Coupling
Sinusoidal Oscillators
and the Bypass Capacitors 214
and the Barkhausen Stability Criterion 327
9.7 Frequency Effects in an FET due to
7 Practical Oscillators 329
Coupling and Bypass Capacitors 217
9.8 Transformers for Transistor Circuits 222
9.9 Analysis of Transformer Coupled Amplifiers 229 13
9.10 Design of Transformer Coupled Amplifiers 231
iO’ er Amplifiers
Power Considerations 341
Classification of Power Amplifiers 345
CHAPTER 10
Class B Push-Pull Amplifiers 346
High-Frequency Responseof Transistor Amplifiers 239 Load Line Analysis of Class B Amplifiers 350
Practical Push-Pull Amplifiers 302

10.1 Hybrid-Pi Equivalent Circuit 239
10.2 B Cutoff, « Cutoff, and Gain-Bandwidth Product 247
10.3 Miller Effect 251
10.4 Total Frequency Response ofthe CE Amplifier 260
10.5 High-Frequency Response of the CB Amplifier 264
10.6 High-Frequency Response
of the Cascade Amplifier 270
10.7 Frequency Response of the Emitter Follower 273
10.8
Frequency Response
of the Field Effect Transistor 278
CHAPTER 11
Power Supplies 285
PLL Rectification 285
11.2 Ripple and Regulation 289
Th3 The R-C Filtered Rectifier 290
11.4 Emitter Follower Voltage Regulator 293
TES
Zener Diode Regulator 296
11.6
Regulated Power Supply Design 302
PREFACE

9k is intended to teach students to design actualelectroniccircuits

, downto earth manner.It is designedasa first text in electronic
both the university and technical school student. Its primary

yn the design aspects ofelectronic circuits. Therefore, it should
to practicing design engineersas well.

t begins with a partial review of circuit theory which serves to
s
the approximation aspects ofcircuit calculations. This material
e
covered in mostcircuit theory texts. However,it is assumed c
n
has a working knowledgeofac and dccircuits.

e
f simple circuits are presented as early as possible (Chapter 2)
Motivation for the new student. Here a simple but accurate dis-
biasing and amplifier operation is given. This is followed by a

ed approach in chapters 3 through 6, using / and r parameters.

are treated from a terminal behavior point of view with the
Chapter 5 wherea descriptive treatmentof the physics of solid
is presented. Chapter 5 begins with only those results from

sics which are of immediate interest to the circuit designer.
t of the chapter then employs these results to embellish the
ed from using the terminal point of view in the three previous
field effect transistor is introduced in Chapter 7. Chapters 8

deal with techniques ofcircuits such as; amplifiers, powersup-
lators, oscillators, etc. The objective in these chaptersis to develop,

of circuit analysis, formulae which aid the ‘student in designing

‘cuits.
xiv Preface
This book emphasizes the fundamentals ofcircuit theory and its applica-

tion in the design ofpractical circuits. An attempt has been madeto provide
many additional comments for the student which would not normally be
found in electronics books, in order to motivate the student toward the
design aspect ofelectronics.
I am indebted to many colleagues for their help and, especially, to all
the students who have helped with their questions, comments andcriticisms
throughout myteaching experience. I would like to mention especially my

former teacher, Professor A. Simeon, and Professor J.P.C. McMath. The
staff of Prentice-Hall has been most cooperative and have contributed
greatly to the manuscript. Special thanks are extended to Mrs. Jean Heina-
maki whotyped most of the manuscript.
DESIGN

MAURICE YUNIK
OF

Manitoba, Canada
MODERN TRANSISTOR
CIRCUITS
ESSENTIAL POINTS
OF CIRCUIT THEORY
) design electronic circuits successfully we must have, in addition to a
¢ of the basic tools of circuit theory, a knowledge of how and when
reasonable approximations. Besides simplifying the designer’s work,

te approximations usually lead to a better insight into the actual
n of circuits and providethe designer with anintuitive and often more
this process of making such approximations, however,the designer must
lose sight of the definitions and results of the very fundamentaltools
uit theory.
jus our study begins with a review of some simple fundamental ideali-
ns from circuit theory and the use of approximations to simplify the
ipulative labor.
Ideal Sources
ideal voltage source may be defined as a device that delivers a defined
tage across its terminals independently of what is connected to these ter-
Is. The symbolfor an ideal voltage source is shown in Fig. I-la.
An ideal currentsourceis defined as a device that delivers a defined cur-
t from its terminals regardless of the natureofthe circuit connectedtoit.
symbolfor an ideal current source is shown in Fig. 1-1b.
Let us now observe some ofthe implications of these ideal devices. The
7
2 Chap. 1 / Essential Points of Circuit Theory
Sec. 1.2 / Network Theorems 3
e (from our definition) remains the same and the current,
om a very large value to a very small value.
‘t us connect this sameresistor to a current source, as shownin

* Here wesee that the voltage becomes larger and larger as we
value of this resistor. It is this very property that makes a

operate in the fashionthatit does, since the output of a transistor
ke an ideal current source.

mt source is somewhat harderto visualize atfirst, since ideal volt-
(a) Ideal voltage source
; seem to be more common—such as a 110-volt (V) supply we
1 distribution. However, even this is not an ideal voltage
if the load added to it is made large enough, the terminal
yp. Thus, to bring us out of the idealized world, we should

i(t)
somepractical sources. Before doing so, however, let us first
ery important theorems, which follow.

io
; Theorems
i(t)
FIGURE 1-1 Symbols showing ideal voltage
em States the following: Any linear active network may be
(b) Ideal current source and current sources.
y an equivalent network consisting of a voltage source equal

following ideas may seen quite obvious, but they have very important conse- it voltage of the network in series with the original network,
quencesin the understandingoftransistor circuits. First ofall, let us connect lent sourcesset to zero.

a single variable resistor to an ideal voltage source, as shownin Fig. 1-2a, 2s equal to zero we merely short-circuit all the voltage sources

and varyit in some fashion from a very small value to a large value. Notice it all the current sources. This process has an intuitive appeal,
‘ircuit (a wire) has no voltage across it and hence a voltage
volts. Similarly, an open circuit (a break) has a zero current
i(t)
h it and maybe thoughtofascurrent source of zero amperes.

mtation of Thévenin’s theorem is shownin Fig. 1-3. Here

+
Pihévenin equivalent of network A, which is connected to net-
v(t) R
0 leads. Notice that the active network A can bepartofa larger
shown in Fig. 1-3a, and that v,, the open-circuit voltage, must
the same direction as the one in which the measurement was
(a) Ideal voltage source
m in Fig. 1-3c.
with variable load
the use of this theorem let us consider a few examples, which

8 reasonable approximations.In electronicsit is reasonable

within 5 per cent or sometimes as muchas 10 percent, since

re
nts, as specified by manufacturers, have these types of toler-

i(t) Z v(t) ample, the most commonresistors are specified within 10 per
given values.

(b) Ideal current source FIGURE 1-2 Action of ideal sources on variable
with variable load resistor.
4 Chap. | Essential Points of Circuit Theory _ Sec. 1.2 | Network Theorems 5
; ana a 1002
+
Active network A
(with voltage “ : Uy
Network B
and current

sources)
1

(a) Original circuit
(a) Original network
Active network

A

(with sources)
(b) Equivalent Thévenin voltage

(b) Voltage equivalent portion
Ry
2502

Network A
b

withall

sources set
to zero
(c) Thévenin equivalent
Network

B
2502
(c) Thévenin equivalent with its load
FIGURE 1-3 Decomposition of a network to its Thévenin equivalent.
Example 1-1: For the circuit shownin Fig. 1-4a, (a) find the Thévenin equiva-
lent to the left of terminals a — b, and (b) proceedto find v,. (d) Thévenin equivalent with load
Solution: 1-4 Solution of Ex. 1-1 using Thévenin’s theorem and series
“approximations.
(a) Thefirst step is to combine R, and R, to single resistor and call it
R,. Then
Ug We open-circuit terminals a — b, as shownin Fig. 1-4b. Now
RAR; _ 3X Wig ~ sto v v,

Re = RR, 5 +30 We i
2 = 5k+Q 2502R 5k
I
Notice that R, = 5kQ,since the effect of the 50-kQ resistor in parallel
a
ie = 1 kD vy,
with the 5-kQ resistor is negligible.

ui

ee i i atk