Design of Marine Facilities for the Berthing, Mooring, and Repair of Vessels

332 Pages·2004·24.032 MB·332\332

by  Gaythwaite, John W.

Design of Marine Facilities
for the Berthing, Mooring,
and Repair of Vessels
I
znd
edition John W. Gaythwaite
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationD ata
Gaythwaite,J ohn.
Design of marine facilities for the berthing, mooring, and repair of vessels /John W.
Ga~thwaite.-[2"~ ed.]
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7844-072&6
1. Harbors-Design and construction. 2. Marine terminal-Design and construction. I
Title.
TC205.G29 2004
627l.224~22 2004049833
Published by American Society of Civil Engineers
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Reston, Virginia 20191
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Copyright 0 2004 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Manufactured in the United States of America.
ISBN 0-784407266
On the cover
A contemporary shipyard facility with land-level ship construction and selective building
ways for transfer to floating dry dock/launch pontoon. Photo courtesy of Bath Iron Works
Corporation, Bath, Maine.
1615141312 0405060708
PREFACE
A lot has happened in the field of port and marine facilities design in just over a
decade since the first edition of this book was published. The proliferation of infor-
mation and availability of data via the electronic medium, advances in materials and
construction methods and capabilities, advances in knowledge and understanding
of environmental forces and affects, added constraints of port security, environ-
mental and regulatory issues, and so on. The scope and purpose of this book, how-
ever, remains the same: to provide the practicing civil/structural engineer with the
necessary background information to design port and harbor structures for the
berthing, mooring, and repair of vessels and to serve as an introductory text on the
subject.
Refer to the Preface to the first edition. As to what is new in this edition: refer-
ences have been updated throughout, including important codes and standards,
many of which remain in constant transition; an entirely new chapter on inspection
and condition assessment has been added due to the increasing importance of this
subject and the paucity of concise general information on the topic; the chapter on
rehabilitation, maintenance, and repair has been updated and expanded due to
new materials and techniques and the increasing number of such projects. Both of
these new and improved chapters have been contributed by the staff of Appledore
Engineering, Inc., a firm with specialized capability in these areas. There is sub-
stantially updated material on the evaluation of mooring and environmental forces
and updated and expanded coverage of fender-system design and related materials
specifications, with contributions by a marine fender manufacturer’s technical spe-
cialist. There is updated material on pier and wharf design and the contributed
chapters on geotechnical considerations and dry docks have been revised by spe-
cialists in the respective fields. Finally, a new Appendix listing useful Web site
addresses by subject has been added to assist the reader in accessing additional
information.
When I began my career approximately three decades ago as a civil/structural
engineer specializing in the design of marine structures, it was possible to keep
abreast of most developments in the field of marine civil engineering and impor-
tant related fields. Today, it is extremely difficult if not impossible for a single indi-
vidual to be on top of all that is going on, and so I am most grateful to all of the
enthusiastic contributors that helped to make this second edition possible. I was
delighted to have Dr. David R. Carchedi, P.E., and Russell J. Morgan, P.E., of GZA
GeoEnvironmental, Inc. return to update and expand their important chapter on
geotechnical considerations. They were assisted by Dawn Appelbaum and Leora
Elkins, who provided valuable production support. Robert Heger, P.E., and Mark
Procter, P.E., of Heger Dry Dock Engineers, Inc. did a thorough job of updating the
chapter on dry docks. Ed Kiedaisch of Metso Minerals/Trellex Fenders provided
valuable revisions and new materials on fender-system design, and John Headland,
P.E., returned along with Eric Smith of Moffatt Nichol Engineers to provide valu-
able input to the revision of the section on analytical treatment of mooring loads.
xxiii
xxiv PREFACE
My most sincere thanks go to all the book’s contributors and a very special note of
thanks goes to the staff of Appledore Engineering, Inc., and principal Robert M.
Snover, P.E., without whose encouragement and support this edition would not
have happened. The chapters on inspection and condition assessment and reha-
bilitation, maintenance and repair, as well as certain sections of other chapters as
noted in the list of contributors were authored by the following individuals: Duncan
C. Mellor, P.E., Noah J. Elwood, P.E., Raymond R. Belleville, P.E., and David L.
Marcotte, EIT. Jennifer Bridge did a remarkable job of putting the first edition into
electronic format and setting up chapter, reference, and table files to allow the sec-
ond edition to be readily edited by the various contributors. Barbara Lamb was
indispensable in putting all the files together, editing, coordinating, and making
the final production go smoothly and Deborah Murphy provided valuable assis-
tance with the manuscript production. Finally, my thanks to the peer reviewers
whose valuable input was much appreciated and to all those that contributed pho-
tos or artwork as noted in the credits, and to the original contributors of the first
edition.
PREFACE FIRST EDITION
TO THE
Written to fill a niche in the general literature on port and harbor engineering, this
book is intended to give the practicing civil/structural engineer background infor-
mation needed to design port and harbor structures for the berthing, mooring, and
repair of vessels. It provides a thorough introduction and, as such, should also
prove useful to port authority engineers, marine terminal operators, marine con-
tractors, port planners, and others with an adequate technical background and the
need to understand the principles of marine structures design.
The book is comprehensive enough to serve also as a text or supplementary
text for a basic course in port and harbor structures design, with a scope and pur-
pose that are further defined in Chapter l. There is an emphasis throughout on
basic principles combined with practical design applications, which, hopefully, will
contribute to the reader's intuitive understanding of the behavior of moored ships
and marine structures and can be applied to offshore terminals and smallcraft
facilities alike.
The book also attempts to serve as a link between theoretical research and
design practice. Detailed explanations of all the subject matter of this book would
increase its size many times, so frequent references are made to sources that pro-
vide further design guidance and development of the theoretical background. As
there are no strict step-by-step design codes or standards in the field, the marine
structures engineer must be familiar with a wide range of information sources and
be prepared to consult the literature relevant to a particular project. Accordingly,
prominent international standards are cited throughout.
This book is intended both to complement the existing body of general text-
book literature on the subject and to assemble important references to research
and design applications. It is a companion volume to my earlier work, The Marine
Environment and Structural Design. Organizing a book that draws from various disci-
plines and covers a broad area of study is a difficult undertaking, as one must pro-
vide explanations or definitions that in turn depend upon subsequent discussions.
Therefore, there is considerable crossreferencing to chapter sections, intended to
help the reader grasp the interrelation of all the subject matter. The book is organ-
ized to flow somewhat as the design process would; that is, from description of
design vessels, to establishment of general design criteria, to evaluation of loadings,
to structural design, and to functional design requirements as learned from long-
term maintenance considerations.
Two chapters were contributed by specialists in the field. The chapter on geo-
technical design consideration is intended to emphasize the critical importance of
marine foundations and soil-structure interaction, and, in particular, to illustrate
aspects of marine geotechnical problems as they may differ from those of tradi-
tional land-based structures. The chapter on dry docks is more descriptive than the
xxvi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
other chapters because of the peculiarities of dry dock structures, as well as the fact
that their design remains highly specialized and usually is carried out by firms with
long records of experience in the field. Dry docks are prominent port structures,
and all port and harbor engineers should be familiar with their design and charac-
teristics.
The construction of important port and harbor works often entails major civil
engineering efforts, requiring the varied expertise and concentrated efforts of
many experienced individuals. Likewise, this book owes its genesis to many con-
tributors to the large and growing body of literature on the subject, such as those
cited in its reference sections. I am particularly indebted to many individuals who
have contributed materials and comments directly to this project. I gratefully
acknowledge my contributing authors: Dr. David R. Carchedi, P.E.; Mr. Russell J.
Morgan, P.E.; Mr. Paul M. Becht, P.E.; and Mr. James R. Hetherman, P.E. Their
contributions have greatly enhanced the content of this book. Thanks are also due
to the staffs of Goldberg Zoino Associates, Inc., and Crandall Dry Dock Engineers,
Inc., and to Mr. Paul S. Crandall, P.E., for supporting these efforts and reviewing
the contributed chapters. Special thanks go to: Mr. John R. Headland, P.E., of the
Naval Facilities Engineering Command, for contributing material on mooring
loads and single-point moorings and for valuable comments on the overall text; Mr.
Peter J. Piaseckyj, P.E., of Duxbury International, Inc., for reviewing the chapter on
berthing loads; and Mr. Klaus Schoellner, P.E., of the Maguire Group, Inc., for
reviewing the chapter on maintenance and repairs-and to all of them for their
assistance in providing additional reference materials. I thank Mr. John T. Muha
for his assistance in preparing some of the artwork, and the following individuals
for their help in obtaining photographs and/or reference materials: Dr. Gerardus
van Oortmerssen, of the Netherlands Ship Model Basin; Mr. Herman Bomze, P.E.,
of Frederic R. Harris, Inc.; Mr. Leonard Sugin, P.E., of Soros Associates, Inc.; Mr.
Robert H. Gmy, P.E., of Sofec, Inc.; and Mr. Richard A. Russell, of W. B. Arnold
Co., Inc. I further express my sincere gratitude to all those authors and publishers
who have granted me reprint permissions and to those individuals and organiza-
tions that have supplied photographs as credited in the text. Finally, special thanks
are due to Mrs. Margaret R. Rich for her invaluable assistance in preparing the
manuscript copy, and to Michele R. Gaythwaite for her assistance and for typing the
final manuscript.
CONTENTS
Illustrations ...................................................... xi
Tables ......................................................... xix
Foreword ....................................................... xxi
Foreword to the First Edition ....................................... xxii
Preface ........................................................ xxv
Preface to the First Edition ....................................... xxvii
Contributors ................................................... xxix
Notations ...................................................... i .
. ........................................................
1 Introduction 1
1.1 ScopeandPurpose .......................................... 1
1.2 Marine Civil Engineering ..................................... 3
1.3 Port and Harbor Facilities ..................................... 5
1.4 The Design Process .......................................... 9
References ................................................ 13
. ....................................
2 Vessel Characteristics and Dimensions 17
2.1 Definitions ................................................ 17
2.2 HullForm ................................................ 19
2.3 Hull Construction .......................................... 22
2.4 Vessel Types and Dimensions ................................. 24
References ................................................ 39
. ..........................................
3 General Design Considerations 43
3.1 Design Criteria and General Considerations ..................... 43
3.2 Site Selection and Layout .................................... 48
3.3 Facility Type Requirements ................................... 53
3.4 Environmental Conditions ................................... 58
3.5 Materials Selection ......................................... 80
References ................................................ 92
. ......................................
4 Operational and Environmental Loads 97
4.1 CargoLoads .............................................. 97
4.2 VehicularLoads .......................................... 101
4.3 Rail-Mounted and Material Handling Equipment ................ 107
4.4 Port Buildings and Superstructures ........................... 111
4.5 Environmental Loads ...................................... 113
4.6 Other Load Sources ....................................... 126
References ............................................... 128
vi i
viii C 0N T EN T S
. .................................
5 Berthing Loads and Fender System Design 133
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 133
5.2 The Berthing Ship ........................................ 137
5.3 The Concept of Added Mass ................................. 141
5.4 Berthing Impact Energy Determination ........................ 144
5.5 Fender System Types and Selection ........................... 151
5.6 Fender System Design ...................................... 162
References ............................................... 174
. .....................................
6 Mooring loads and Design Principles 177
6.1 Mooring System Principles .................................. 177
6.2 Mooring Lines. Hardware. and Equipment ..................... 188
6.3 WindForces ............................................. 195
6.4 Current Forces ........................................... 203
6.5 Standoff Forces and Passing Vessel Effects ...................... 209
6.6 Wave Loads and Vessel Motions .............................. 211
6.7 Analytical Treatment and Modeling ........................... 219
References .............................................. 226
. ............................................
7 Design of Fixed Structures 231
7.1 Structural Types and Configurations .......................... 231
7.2 Selection of Optimum Structure Type ......................... 235
7.3 Pier and Wharf Structural Design ............................. 238
7.4 Dolphins and Platforms .................................... 265
7.5 Ancillary and Access Structures ............................... 271
7.6 CraneTrackage ........................................... 272
7.7 Miscellaneous Design Features ............................... 275
7.8 Ship Services and Utility Systems ............................. 279
References ............................................... 281
. ......................................
8 Geotechnical Design Considerations 285
8.1 Marine Site Investigations ................................... 285
8.2 Soil Mechanics and Properties ............................... 297
8.3 Marine Foundations ....................................... 307
8.4 Slopes and Slope Protection ................................. 309
8.5 Bulkheads and Retaining Structures ........................... 313
8.6 Solid-Fill Structures ........................................ 325
8.7 Pile and Drilled-Shaft Foundations ............................ 325
8.8 DryDocks ............................................... 342
8.9 Site Improvement-Methods and Materials ..................... 344
References ............................................... 353
. ..........................................
9 Design of Floating Structures 361
9.1 Structure Types and Applications ............................. 361
9.2 Hydrostatics and Stability ................................... 369
9.3 Motion Response .......................................... 372
9.4 Structural Design ......................................... 377
9.5 Ballast Control and Ancillary Features ......................... 383
CONTENTS ix
9.6 Access Bridges and Gangways ................................ 386
9.7 Mooring-System Design ..................................... 389
9.8 Marinas and Small-Craft Facilities ............................ 400
References ............................................... 404
. .............................................
10 Introduction to Dry Docks 409
10.1 General Characteristics. Features. and Factors Affecting
DryDockSelection ....................................... 409
10.2 Basin Dry Docks ......................................... 413
10.3 Marine Railways .......................................... 433
10.4 Floating Dry Docks ....................................... 442
10.5 Vertical Lifts ............................................ 456
10.6 Straddle Lifts and Boatyard Equipment ....................... 462
References .............................................. 465
. .....................................
11 Facility Inspection and Deterioration 469
11.1 Inspection Overview ...................................... 469
11.2 General Modes of Deterioration ............................. 474
11.3 Structural Condition Assessments ............................ 483
11.4 Standard Inspection Reporting .............................. 487
References .............................................. 4g7
. ...................................
12 Rehabilitation, Maintenance. and Repair 489
12.1 Rehabilitation. Reconstruction. and Maintenance ............... 489
12.2 General Repair Methods ................................... 493
12.3 Pile and Bulkhead Restoration Methods ....................... 501
12.4 Protective Coatings and Claddings ........................... 507
12.5 Cathodic Protection Systems ................................ 509
12.6 Fender System Repair and Replacement ...................... 511
12.7 Mooring Hardware Repair and Replacement ................... 511
References .............................................. 513
............................................
Appendix 1 Conversion Factors 517
...
Appendix 2 Selected Information Sources: Journals, Periodicals, and Conference Proceedings 519
...............................
Appendix 3 Internet Sources/Selected Web Sites 521
..............................................................
Index 525
~ ~ A P OTNEE ~
Introduction
The construction of port and harbor works was among the earliest major under-
takings of civilized human beings. The ancients often displayed a great intuitive
understanding of nature in their port works, which, unfortunately, have been lost
in the decline of empires and changing coastlines. The timber and stone harbor
works of less than one hundred years ago gradually are being replaced with con-
crete and steel structures, which have extended offshore port facilities into deeper
water at exposed locations. Even so, port and harbor engineers depend heavily
upon the collection of past experiences to temper their analysis and contempo-
rary design practices.
This book, which reflects the rapid progress made in design and construction
in the past few decades, focuses on the structural design of marine facilities for
the berthing, mooring, and repair of vessels. This first chapter delineates the
book’s scope and purpose, providing brief overviews of marine civil engineering
and the development of port and harbor facilities, as well as literature on the
subject. The general approach to the design process is discussed with regard to
state-of-the-art practice.
1.1 SCOPE AND PURPOSE
This book primarily is concerned with the structural design of marine facilities for the
berthing, mooring, and repair of vessels. It is intended to provide the civiYstructura1 engi-
neer with background information and general design requirements for port and harbor
docking structures. It is not meant to be a step-by-step design guide or to cover basic struc-
tural design principles, but instead provides structural design criteria and addresses design
problems peculiar to marine structures as they differ from traditional land-based construc-
tion. In this regard, the determination of design loads and environmental effects and the
selection and proper application of suitable materials are emphasized. Because of the prob-
abilistic nature of loads in marine structures, their magnitude, directions, and frequency of
occurrence over the lifetime of the structure cannot be so accurately predicted, compared
to land-based structures. The harsh marine environment contributes to more rapid deteri-
oration, so the general design approach also differs. The book is organized to follow the
1