Table Of Content

n of Machin ffiemenis CS. Sharma Kamlesh Purohit Design of Machine Elements C.S. Sharma Formerly Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering jai Narain Vyas University jodhpur Kamlesh Purohit Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering jai Narain Vyas University jodhpur PHI Learning Delhi - 110001 2003 DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS C.S. Sharma and Kamlesh Purohit © 2003 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN-978-81-203-1955-4 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Ninth Printing October, 2013 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Baba Barkha Nath Printers, Bahadurgarh, Haryana-124507. Contents Preface xiii 1. INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING DESIGN 1-8 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Philosophy of Engineering Design 2 1.3 Kind of Design Work 3 1.3.1 Design by Evolution 3 1.3.2 Design by Innovation 3 1.4 Design Process 4 1.4.1 Conceptual Design 4 1.4.2 Embodiment Design 4 1.4.3 Detailed Design 6 1.5 Design for Manufacture 6 1.6 Traits of a Good Designer 7 Exercises 7 Multiple Choice Questions 8 2. COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND DRAFTING 9-43 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 The Computer 10 2.2.1 CAD Software 10 2.2.2 CAD Standards and Translators 13 2.3 AutoCAD 13 2.3.1 Drafting Environment 15 2.3.2 Drawing in CAD Environment 15 2.3.3 Editing 21 2.3.4 Additional Drawing Commands 25 2.3.5 Dimensioning 27 2.3.6 Utility Commands 29 2.3.7 Block and Attributes 30 2.4 AutoLISP 30 2.4.1 Data Types 33 2.4.2 Mathematical Functions 34 2.4.3 Input Functions 35 2.4.4 Utility Functions 36 2.4.5 Equality/Conditional Functions 37 2.4.6 Other Useful Functions 39 iii iV Contents 3. ENGINEERING MATERIALS 44-64 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 Properties of Materials 44 3.2.1 Mechanical Properties 45 3.2.2 Technological Properties 46 3.3 Ferrous Metals 47 3.3.1 Iron-carbon Diagram 47 3.3.2 Steels 48 3.3.3 Casting Materials 51 3.4 BIS Method of Designation of Steel 53 3.5 Heat Treatment of Steel 55 3.6 Non-ferrous Metals 59 3.7 Plastics 61 Exercises 62 Multiple Choice Questions 63 4. MECHANICS OF MACHINE ELEMENTS 65-102 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Load and Stress 65 4.2.1 Uniaxial Stress 65 4.2.2 Biaxial Stress 67 4.2.3 Triaxial Stress 67 4.3 Elastic Strain 68 4.4 Stress—strain Curve 70 4.5 Principal Stresses 72 4.6 Shear Force and Bending Moment 74 4.7 Flexural Stress in Beams 76 4.8 Shear Stress in Beams 78 4.9 Deflection of Beams 80 4.10 Torsion 83 4.11 Strain Energy 84 4.12 Eccentric Loading 85 4.13 Curved Beam 85 4.14 Stress in Columns 88 4.14.1 Short Columns 88 4.14.2 Long Columns 88 4.14.3 Critical Load 88 Exercises 100 Multiple Choice Questions 102 5. FUNDAMENTALS OF MACHINE DESIGN 103-142 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Types of Load 103 5.3 Factor of Safety 103 5.4 Theories of Failure 105 Contents V 5.5 Stress Concentration 107 5.6 Mechanism of Fatigue Failure 114 5.6.1 Fatigue Curve 115 5.6.2 Factors Affecting Endurance Limit 117 5.7 Design for Fatigue 120 5.7.1 Design for Finite Life 120 5.8 Design for Fluctuating Stress 122 5.9 Design for Combined Loads 124 5.10 Cummulative Fatigue Damage 125 Exercises 139 Multiple Choice Questions 142 6. MANUFACTURING AND OTHER ASPECTS IN DESIGN 143-170 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Standardization 143 6.3 Limits and Fits 144 6.3.1 Definitions 144 6.3.2 Types of Fits 145 6.3.3 BIS System of Limits and Fits 147 6.3.4 Surface Roughness 149 6.4 Manufacturing Considerations 152 6.4.1 Design Considerations for Castings 152 6.4.2 Design Considerations for Welded Parts 155 6.4.3 Design Considerations for Forgings 157 6.4.4 Design Considerations for Machining 158 6.5 Reliability 159 6.5.1 System Reliability 160 6.6 Designing for Reliability 163 6.6.1 Design Fault Tree Method 163 6.6.2 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis 164 6.7 Ergonomic Factors in Design 166 Exercises 169 Multiple Choice Questions 169 7. DESIGN OF JOINTS 171-242 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Riveted Joints 172 7.2.1 Rivet Materials 172 7.2.2 Rivet Heads 173 7.2.3 Rivet Terminology 174 7.3 Types of Riveted Joints 175 7.3.1 Lap Joint 175 7.3.2 Butt Joint 176 7.4 Analysis of a Riveted Joint 177 7.5 Efficiency of a Riveted Joint 180 Vi Contents 7.6 Boiler Joints 180 7.6.1 Longitudinal Joint Design 180 7.6.2 Circumferential Joint Design 183 7.7 Eccentrically Loaded Riveted Joint 193 7.8 Computer-Aided Design of Riveted Joints 198 7.9 Welded Joints 201 7.9.1 Types of Welded Joints 202 7.9.2 Weld Material 203 7.10 Design of Welded Joints 204 7.10.1 Butt Weld 204 7.10.2 Longitudinal Fillet Weld 205 7.10.3 Transverse Fillet Weld 206 7.10.4 Tee Joint 206 7.10.5 Torsion of Circular Rod with Fillet Weld 207 7.11 Weld Joint Design for Unsymmetrical Sections 208 7.12 Welded Joint Subjected to Eccentric Load 209 7.13 Cotter Joint 221 7.13.1 Design of Cotter Joints 222 7.14 Gib and Cotter Joint 226 7.15 Knuckle Joint 227 Exercises 239 Multiple Choice Questions 241 8. SCREW FASTENINGS AND POWER SCREWS 243-299 8.1 Introduction 243 8.2 Forms of Screw Thread 243 8.3 Types of Screw Fastenings 246 8.4 Locking Devices 248 8.5 Material for Threaded Fasteners 248 8.6 Design of Bolts for Static Load 249 8.6.1 Initial Tightening Force 249 8.6.2 External Force 251 8.7 Bolts Subjected to Variable Load 254 8.8 Other Design Considerations 255 8.9 Eccentric Loading 258 8.9.1 Force Acting Parallel to the Bolt Axis 259 8.9.2 Force Acting Perpendicular to the Bolt Axis 260 8.9.3 Force Acting in the Plane Containing the Bolts 261 8.10 Power Screws 266 8.10.1 Forms of Thread 266 8.11 Torque and Efficiency of Power Screw 268 8.11.1 Self-locking Screws 270 8.11.2 Collar Friction 271 8.12 Stress Analysis of Power Screw 273 8.13 Computer-Aided Design of Power Screw 274 Exercises 295 Multiple Choice Questions 298 Contents Vii 9. MECHANICAL SPRINGS 300-346 9.1 Introduction 300 9.2 Helical Springs 302 9.2.1 Stress Analysis 303 9.2.2 Deflection Analysis 306 9.2.3 Buckling of Springs 308 9.2.4 Spring Surge 308 9.3 Spring Materials 309 9.4 Design Procedure 311 9.5 Springs Subjected to Variable Load 317 9.6 Rectangular- or Square-section Helical Springs 322 9.7 Helical Tension Spring 323 9.8 Leaf Springs 324 9.9 Laminated Springs 326 9.9.1 Semi-elliptical Laminated Springs 327 9.9.2 Nipping of Laminated Springs 329 9.9.3 Materials for Leaf Springs 331 9.9.4 Other Design Considerations 331 9.10 Concentric Helical Springs 336 9.11 Computer-Aided Design of Springs 338 Exercises 344 Multiple Choice Questions 345 10. LEVERS 347-364 10.1 Introduction 347 10.2 Design Procedure 348 10.3 Cranked Levers 351 Exercises 364 11. BELT DRIVES 365-398 11.1 Introduction 365 11.2 Belt Drive 365 11.3 Mechanics of Belt Drive 367 11.3.1 Geometric Factors 370 11.3.2 Effect of Centrifugal Force 371 11.3.3 Stresses in Belts 372 11.3.4 Pull Factor 374 11.4 Belt Materials 374 11.5 Selection of a Pulley 376 11.6 Selection of Flat Belts 377 11.6.1 Selection of a Flat Belt Based on Strength 378 11.6.2 Selection of a Flat Belt Based on Manufacturer's Catalogue 380 11.7 Selection of V-belts 381 11.7.1 Selection Procedure 383 11.8 Computer-Aided Design of Belts 392 Exercises 396 Multiple Choice Questions 398 Viii Contents 12. GEARS 399-464 12.1 Introduction 399 12.2 Gear Terminology 400 12.3 Kinematics of Gearing 402 12.4 Standard System of Gear Tooth 404 12.5 Gear Material 405 12.6 Design of Spur Gears 405 12.6.1 Force Analysis 405 12.6.2 Beam Strength of Spur Gear Tooth 407 12.6.3 Dynamic Load on Gear 410 12.6.4 Wear Strength 411 12.6.5 Gear Construction 413 12.6.6 Stress Concentration 414 12.7 Helical Gears 427 12.7.1 Kinematics of Helical Gear Tooth 427 12.7.2 Helical Tooth Proportions 429 12.7.3 Force Analysis 430 12.7.4 Beam Strength of Helical Gear Tooth 430 12.7.5 Dynamic Load on Helical Gear 432 12.7.6 Wear Strength of Helical Gear 432 12.8 Bevel Gears 436 12.8.1 Kinematics of Bevel Gears 437 12.8.2 Force Analysis 439 12.8.3 Beam Strength of Bevel Gear Tooth 440 12.8.4 Dynamic Load on Bevel Gear 442 12.8.5 Wear Strength of Bevel Gear 442 12.9 Worm Gear Set 447 12.9.1 Kinematics of Worm 448 12.9.2 Force Analysis of Worm Gear Set 451 12.9.3 Design of Worm Gear 453 12.10 Computer-Aided Design of Gear Tooth 457 Exercises 462 Multiple Choice Questions 463 13. SHAFTS, KEYS AND SPLINES 465-507 13.1 Introduction 465 13.2 Shaft Materials 465 13.3 Design of Shafts Against Static Loading 466 13.3.1 Simple Torsion 466 13.3.2 Simple Bending Moment 466 13.3.3 Combined Torque and Bending Moment 467 13.4 ASME Code for Shaft Design 467 13.5 Combined Axial Force, Bending Moment, and Torque 468 13.6 Shaft Design for Variable Load 469 Contents ix 13.7 Effect of Stress Concentration 471 13.8 Design of Shaft for Rigidity 471 13.8.1 Shaft Design for Torsional Rigidity 472 13.8.2 Shaft Design for Lateral Deflection 472 13.9 Critical Speed of Shaft 473 13.10 Computer-Aided Design of Shaft 488 13.11 Keys 493 13.11.1 Types of Keys 494 13.12 Design of Keys 496 13.12.1 Sunk Key 496 13.12.2 Taper Key 497 13.13 Design of Splines 498 Exercises 504 Multiple Choice Questions 506 14. COUPLINGS, CLUTCHES AND BRAKES 508-560 14.1 Couplings 508 14.2 Rigid Couplings 508 14.2.1 Muff Coupling 508 14.2.2 Split Muff Coupling 509 14.2.3 Marine or Solid Flange Coupling 510 14.2.4 Flange Coupling 511 14.3 Flexible Couplings 513 14.3.1 Oldham Coupling 514 14.3.2 Bush Type Flexible Coupling 515 14.4 Computer-Aided Design 524 14.5 Clutches 528 14.6 Positive Contact Clutches 529 14.7 Friction Clutches 531 14.7.1 Design Requirements 531 14.7.2 Friction Material 531 14.8 Disc Clutches 532 14.8.1 Power Transmission Capacity 533 14.8.2 Design Considerations 535 14.9 Cone Clutches 536 14.10 Brakes 541 14.10.1 Block Brakes 541 14.10.2 Band Brakes 546 14.10.3 Band and Block Brake 549 14.10.4 Internal Expanding Shoe Brake 550 14.11 Thermal Aspect of Brake Design 553 14.12 Other Design Considerations 553 Exercises 558 Multiple Choice Questions 559

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782 Pages·2013·21.654 MB·English
by  C.S. Sharma and Kamlesh Purohit
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n of Machin ffiemenis CS. Sharma Kamlesh Purohit Design of Machine Elements C.S. Sharma Formerly Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering jai Narain Vyas University jodhpur Kamlesh Purohit Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering jai Narain Vyas University jodhpur PHI Learning Delhi - 110001 2003 DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS C.S. Sharma and Kamlesh Purohit © 2003 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN-978-81-203-1955-4 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Ninth Printing October, 2013 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Baba Barkha Nath Printers, Bahadurgarh, Haryana-124507. Contents Preface xiii 1. INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING DESIGN 1-8 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Philosophy of Engineering Design 2 1.3 Kind of Design Work 3 1.3.1 Design by Evolution 3 1.3.2 Design by Innovation 3 1.4 Design Process 4 1.4.1 Conceptual Design 4 1.4.2 Embodiment Design 4 1.4.3 Detailed Design 6 1.5 Design for Manufacture 6 1.6 Traits of a Good Designer 7 Exercises 7 Multiple Choice Questions 8 2. COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND DRAFTING 9-43 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 The Computer 10 2.2.1 CAD Software 10 2.2.2 CAD Standards and Translators 13 2.3 AutoCAD 13 2.3.1 Drafting Environment 15 2.3.2 Drawing in CAD Environment 15 2.3.3 Editing 21 2.3.4 Additional Drawing Commands 25 2.3.5 Dimensioning 27 2.3.6 Utility Commands 29 2.3.7 Block and Attributes 30 2.4 AutoLISP 30 2.4.1 Data Types 33 2.4.2 Mathematical Functions 34 2.4.3 Input Functions 35 2.4.4 Utility Functions 36 2.4.5 Equality/Conditional Functions 37 2.4.6 Other Useful Functions 39 iii iV Contents 3. ENGINEERING MATERIALS 44-64 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 Properties of Materials 44 3.2.1 Mechanical Properties 45 3.2.2 Technological Properties 46 3.3 Ferrous Metals 47 3.3.1 Iron-carbon Diagram 47 3.3.2 Steels 48 3.3.3 Casting Materials 51 3.4 BIS Method of Designation of Steel 53 3.5 Heat Treatment of Steel 55 3.6 Non-ferrous Metals 59 3.7 Plastics 61 Exercises 62 Multiple Choice Questions 63 4. MECHANICS OF MACHINE ELEMENTS 65-102 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Load and Stress 65 4.2.1 Uniaxial Stress 65 4.2.2 Biaxial Stress 67 4.2.3 Triaxial Stress 67 4.3 Elastic Strain 68 4.4 Stress—strain Curve 70 4.5 Principal Stresses 72 4.6 Shear Force and Bending Moment 74 4.7 Flexural Stress in Beams 76 4.8 Shear Stress in Beams 78 4.9 Deflection of Beams 80 4.10 Torsion 83 4.11 Strain Energy 84 4.12 Eccentric Loading 85 4.13 Curved Beam 85 4.14 Stress in Columns 88 4.14.1 Short Columns 88 4.14.2 Long Columns 88 4.14.3 Critical Load 88 Exercises 100 Multiple Choice Questions 102 5. FUNDAMENTALS OF MACHINE DESIGN 103-142 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Types of Load 103 5.3 Factor of Safety 103 5.4 Theories of Failure 105 Contents V 5.5 Stress Concentration 107 5.6 Mechanism of Fatigue Failure 114 5.6.1 Fatigue Curve 115 5.6.2 Factors Affecting Endurance Limit 117 5.7 Design for Fatigue 120 5.7.1 Design for Finite Life 120 5.8 Design for Fluctuating Stress 122 5.9 Design for Combined Loads 124 5.10 Cummulative Fatigue Damage 125 Exercises 139 Multiple Choice Questions 142 6. MANUFACTURING AND OTHER ASPECTS IN DESIGN 143-170 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Standardization 143 6.3 Limits and Fits 144 6.3.1 Definitions 144 6.3.2 Types of Fits 145 6.3.3 BIS System of Limits and Fits 147 6.3.4 Surface Roughness 149 6.4 Manufacturing Considerations 152 6.4.1 Design Considerations for Castings 152 6.4.2 Design Considerations for Welded Parts 155 6.4.3 Design Considerations for Forgings 157 6.4.4 Design Considerations for Machining 158 6.5 Reliability 159 6.5.1 System Reliability 160 6.6 Designing for Reliability 163 6.6.1 Design Fault Tree Method 163 6.6.2 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis 164 6.7 Ergonomic Factors in Design 166 Exercises 169 Multiple Choice Questions 169 7. DESIGN OF JOINTS 171-242 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Riveted Joints 172 7.2.1 Rivet Materials 172 7.2.2 Rivet Heads 173 7.2.3 Rivet Terminology 174 7.3 Types of Riveted Joints 175 7.3.1 Lap Joint 175 7.3.2 Butt Joint 176 7.4 Analysis of a Riveted Joint 177 7.5 Efficiency of a Riveted Joint 180 Vi Contents 7.6 Boiler Joints 180 7.6.1 Longitudinal Joint Design 180 7.6.2 Circumferential Joint Design 183 7.7 Eccentrically Loaded Riveted Joint 193 7.8 Computer-Aided Design of Riveted Joints 198 7.9 Welded Joints 201 7.9.1 Types of Welded Joints 202 7.9.2 Weld Material 203 7.10 Design of Welded Joints 204 7.10.1 Butt Weld 204 7.10.2 Longitudinal Fillet Weld 205 7.10.3 Transverse Fillet Weld 206 7.10.4 Tee Joint 206 7.10.5 Torsion of Circular Rod with Fillet Weld 207 7.11 Weld Joint Design for Unsymmetrical Sections 208 7.12 Welded Joint Subjected to Eccentric Load 209 7.13 Cotter Joint 221 7.13.1 Design of Cotter Joints 222 7.14 Gib and Cotter Joint 226 7.15 Knuckle Joint 227 Exercises 239 Multiple Choice Questions 241 8. SCREW FASTENINGS AND POWER SCREWS 243-299 8.1 Introduction 243 8.2 Forms of Screw Thread 243 8.3 Types of Screw Fastenings 246 8.4 Locking Devices 248 8.5 Material for Threaded Fasteners 248 8.6 Design of Bolts for Static Load 249 8.6.1 Initial Tightening Force 249 8.6.2 External Force 251 8.7 Bolts Subjected to Variable Load 254 8.8 Other Design Considerations 255 8.9 Eccentric Loading 258 8.9.1 Force Acting Parallel to the Bolt Axis 259 8.9.2 Force Acting Perpendicular to the Bolt Axis 260 8.9.3 Force Acting in the Plane Containing the Bolts 261 8.10 Power Screws 266 8.10.1 Forms of Thread 266 8.11 Torque and Efficiency of Power Screw 268 8.11.1 Self-locking Screws 270 8.11.2 Collar Friction 271 8.12 Stress Analysis of Power Screw 273 8.13 Computer-Aided Design of Power Screw 274 Exercises 295 Multiple Choice Questions 298 Contents Vii 9. MECHANICAL SPRINGS 300-346 9.1 Introduction 300 9.2 Helical Springs 302 9.2.1 Stress Analysis 303 9.2.2 Deflection Analysis 306 9.2.3 Buckling of Springs 308 9.2.4 Spring Surge 308 9.3 Spring Materials 309 9.4 Design Procedure 311 9.5 Springs Subjected to Variable Load 317 9.6 Rectangular- or Square-section Helical Springs 322 9.7 Helical Tension Spring 323 9.8 Leaf Springs 324 9.9 Laminated Springs 326 9.9.1 Semi-elliptical Laminated Springs 327 9.9.2 Nipping of Laminated Springs 329 9.9.3 Materials for Leaf Springs 331 9.9.4 Other Design Considerations 331 9.10 Concentric Helical Springs 336 9.11 Computer-Aided Design of Springs 338 Exercises 344 Multiple Choice Questions 345 10. LEVERS 347-364 10.1 Introduction 347 10.2 Design Procedure 348 10.3 Cranked Levers 351 Exercises 364 11. BELT DRIVES 365-398 11.1 Introduction 365 11.2 Belt Drive 365 11.3 Mechanics of Belt Drive 367 11.3.1 Geometric Factors 370 11.3.2 Effect of Centrifugal Force 371 11.3.3 Stresses in Belts 372 11.3.4 Pull Factor 374 11.4 Belt Materials 374 11.5 Selection of a Pulley 376 11.6 Selection of Flat Belts 377 11.6.1 Selection of a Flat Belt Based on Strength 378 11.6.2 Selection of a Flat Belt Based on Manufacturer's Catalogue 380 11.7 Selection of V-belts 381 11.7.1 Selection Procedure 383 11.8 Computer-Aided Design of Belts 392 Exercises 396 Multiple Choice Questions 398 Viii Contents 12. GEARS 399-464 12.1 Introduction 399 12.2 Gear Terminology 400 12.3 Kinematics of Gearing 402 12.4 Standard System of Gear Tooth 404 12.5 Gear Material 405 12.6 Design of Spur Gears 405 12.6.1 Force Analysis 405 12.6.2 Beam Strength of Spur Gear Tooth 407 12.6.3 Dynamic Load on Gear 410 12.6.4 Wear Strength 411 12.6.5 Gear Construction 413 12.6.6 Stress Concentration 414 12.7 Helical Gears 427 12.7.1 Kinematics of Helical Gear Tooth 427 12.7.2 Helical Tooth Proportions 429 12.7.3 Force Analysis 430 12.7.4 Beam Strength of Helical Gear Tooth 430 12.7.5 Dynamic Load on Helical Gear 432 12.7.6 Wear Strength of Helical Gear 432 12.8 Bevel Gears 436 12.8.1 Kinematics of Bevel Gears 437 12.8.2 Force Analysis 439 12.8.3 Beam Strength of Bevel Gear Tooth 440 12.8.4 Dynamic Load on Bevel Gear 442 12.8.5 Wear Strength of Bevel Gear 442 12.9 Worm Gear Set 447 12.9.1 Kinematics of Worm 448 12.9.2 Force Analysis of Worm Gear Set 451 12.9.3 Design of Worm Gear 453 12.10 Computer-Aided Design of Gear Tooth 457 Exercises 462 Multiple Choice Questions 463 13. SHAFTS, KEYS AND SPLINES 465-507 13.1 Introduction 465 13.2 Shaft Materials 465 13.3 Design of Shafts Against Static Loading 466 13.3.1 Simple Torsion 466 13.3.2 Simple Bending Moment 466 13.3.3 Combined Torque and Bending Moment 467 13.4 ASME Code for Shaft Design 467 13.5 Combined Axial Force, Bending Moment, and Torque 468 13.6 Shaft Design for Variable Load 469 Contents ix 13.7 Effect of Stress Concentration 471 13.8 Design of Shaft for Rigidity 471 13.8.1 Shaft Design for Torsional Rigidity 472 13.8.2 Shaft Design for Lateral Deflection 472 13.9 Critical Speed of Shaft 473 13.10 Computer-Aided Design of Shaft 488 13.11 Keys 493 13.11.1 Types of Keys 494 13.12 Design of Keys 496 13.12.1 Sunk Key 496 13.12.2 Taper Key 497 13.13 Design of Splines 498 Exercises 504 Multiple Choice Questions 506 14. COUPLINGS, CLUTCHES AND BRAKES 508-560 14.1 Couplings 508 14.2 Rigid Couplings 508 14.2.1 Muff Coupling 508 14.2.2 Split Muff Coupling 509 14.2.3 Marine or Solid Flange Coupling 510 14.2.4 Flange Coupling 511 14.3 Flexible Couplings 513 14.3.1 Oldham Coupling 514 14.3.2 Bush Type Flexible Coupling 515 14.4 Computer-Aided Design 524 14.5 Clutches 528 14.6 Positive Contact Clutches 529 14.7 Friction Clutches 531 14.7.1 Design Requirements 531 14.7.2 Friction Material 531 14.8 Disc Clutches 532 14.8.1 Power Transmission Capacity 533 14.8.2 Design Considerations 535 14.9 Cone Clutches 536 14.10 Brakes 541 14.10.1 Block Brakes 541 14.10.2 Band Brakes 546 14.10.3 Band and Block Brake 549 14.10.4 Internal Expanding Shoe Brake 550 14.11 Thermal Aspect of Brake Design 553 14.12 Other Design Considerations 553 Exercises 558 Multiple Choice Questions 559

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