Design of Fishways and Other Fish Facilities

257 Pages·1995·18.619 MB·English

by  Charles H. Clay

Design of Fishways
and Other Fish Facilities
Second Edition
Charles H. Clay, P. Eng.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Clay, C. H. (Charles H.)
Design of fishways and other fish facilities I by C.H. Clay. - 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56670-111-2
I. Fishways-Design and construction. 2. Fish habitat improvement.
I. Title.
SH157.85.F56C58 1995
639.9'77---dc20 94-17350
Published with the cooperation of the American Fisheries Society.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted
material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed.
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the
publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information
storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
CRC Press, Inc.'s consent does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for
creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press for
such copying.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Ralon, Florida 33431.
© 1995 by CRC Press, Inc.
Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press
No claim to original U.S. Government works
International Standard Book Number 1-56670-111-2
Library of Congress Card Number 94-17350
Printed in the United States of America 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
AUTHOR
Since retirement from the Food & Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Charles H. Clay
has been a consultant to many organizations, compa-
nies, and governments throughout the world. He was
born in New Westminster, British Columbia, and
attended the University of British Columbia where
he obtained a bachelors degree in 1944 in applied
science in civil engineering. In 1962 to 1963, he
completed the International Course in Hydraulic En-
gineering at Delft University in Holland, receiving a
post-graduate diploma in hydraulic engineering. He
has been a member of the Association of Professional
Engineers of British Columbia since 1949 and is now
a life member. His early work with the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries
Commission saw him pioneering the work of salmon conservation in British Colum-
bia and in 1950 this led to the position of Chief Engineer and Chief of Resource
Development for the Federal Department of Fisheries in Vancouver, B.C. During this
period much experience was gained in salmon conservation in British Columbia, the
Yukon, and the western states of Washington, Oregon, and California. He also acted
as adviser to the Canadian government on fish-migration problems on the east coast
of Canada, Newfoundland, and the Great Lakes. With this accumulated experience,
he wrote the first edition of Design of Fishways and Other Fish Facilities in 1961.
Subsequently he continued to widen his experience of fish migration problems in
other countries, including England, Scotland, Ireland, and The Netherlands, before
joining the staff of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome, Italy in
1965. With FAO, he served as Coordinator of Lake Projects, assessing and develop-
ing fisheries in the huge reservoirs formed by the new dams at Aswan in Egypt,
Kainji in Nigeria, Volta in Ghana, and Kariba in Zambia, among others. He also has
inspected projects and given advice on fisheries engineering problems in India, Iran,
Poland, Greece, Iceland, and many other countries. He has attended conferences and
presented papers to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature in Athens,
Greece; the American Geophysical Union in Knoxville, Tennessee; and the Interna-
tional Symposium on Fishways at Gifu, Japan. Now he has collected all this knowl-
edge, and with the help of workers in fisheries throughout the world, has compiled
a second edition of Design of Fishways and Other Fish Facilities bringing the subject
up-to-date from a world perspective. In 1993 he received an Award of Excellence
from the Bioengineering Section of the American Fisheries Society.
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This new edition was inspired by my ex-colleagues in the Fisheries Department
of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome. They were
embarrassed, when receiving enquiries concerning fishways, by having to tell their
correspondents that the original volume, the only one of its kind, was over 20 years
old, and more recently, that it was out of print. I then entered into an agreement with
Dr. Fran Henderson, Director of the Resources and Environment Division of FAO,
to begin work on the new edition, provided it would be expanded as much as possible
to include facilities for fish of interest to the developing countries.
During this initial phase, it soon became evident that there had been very little
progress in defining the problem for the types of fish present in the developing
countries, particularly those in the southern hemisphere. Nevertheless, I gathered
what information I could on experience in these countries, in addition to updating all
material on the developed countries of the northern hemisphere.
I am deeply indebted to all my correspondents for their assistance. In the United
States, Milo Bell, George Eicher, and Ted Vande Sande were very helpful. In
Canada, Chris Katopodis, Ray Biette, Vern Conrad, H. Jansen, and Paul Ruggles
supplied valuable information. M. Larinier in France, M. Beach in England, C.
McGrath in Ireland, T. Gudjonsson in Iceland, G. Jens in Germany, and L. Van
Haasteren in The Netherlands were most helpful. Similarly, A. H. Bok in South
Africa, J. H. Harris and M. Mallen-Cooper in Australia, C. Mitchell in New Zealand,
V. Pantulu and H. R. Rabanal in Southeast Asia, and Xiangke Lu in China provided
help by correspondence. The publications by D. S. Pavlov of Russia and R. Quiros
of Latin America, sponsored by FAO, were most timely. This help from a large
number of sources enabled me to give an up-to-date accounting of fishway problems
and practices all over the world.
Funding arranged by the American Fisheries Society enabled me to complete the
manuscript and the new illustrations; the late Carl Sullivan was instrumental in this
regard. The following organizations generously provided financial support:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation
Permission has been granted for the use of the figures from the original publi-
cation by the Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa. J. Clay made the
new diagrams with a computer, and J. Johnson typed the manuscript. To all of these
people and organizations, a sincere thank you is offered for helping in this second
edition.
Charles H. Clay
CONTENTS
Preface and Acknowledgments
Chapter 1
FISHWA YS - GENERAL .................................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1
1.2 Some Legal Considerations ...................................................................... 2
1.3 Definitions ................................................................................................. 2
1.4 History ....................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Current Use of Fishways, Locks and Elevators around the World ....... 11
1.5.1 NorthAmerica ............................................................................... 11
1.5.1.1 West Coast ....................................................................... 11
1.5.1.2 Central .............................................................................. 13
1.5.1.3 Great Lakes Area ............................................................. 13
1.5.1.4 East Coast ......................................................................... 14
1.5 .2 Western Europe ............................................................................. 14
1.5.3 Eastern Europe and Russia ........................................................... 16
1.5.4 Latin America ................................................................................ 17
1.5.5 Africa ............................................................................................. 17
1.5.6 Australia and New Zealand .......................................................... 18
1.5.7 China .............................................................................................. 18
1.5.8 Japan .............................................................................................. 19
1.5.9 Southeast Asia ............................................................................... 19
1.6 A First Word about Swimming Speeds .................................................. 19
1.7 Literature Cited ....................................................................................... 23
Chapter 2
FISHWAYS AT NATURAL OBSTRUCTIONS ............................................... 27
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 27
2.2 The Vertical Slot Baffle .......................................................................... 28
2.3 Applications of the Vertical Slot Baffle to Smaller Fishways .............. 31
2.4 Denil Fishways for Natural Obstructions ............................................... 34
2.5 A Procedure for Installation of Fishways at Natural Obstructions ........ 37
2.6 Defining the Problem - Biological Data .............................................. 37
2. 7 Engineering Surveys and Fieldwork ....................................................... 3 7
2.8 Design of Fishways for Natural Obstructions - Preliminary .............. .42
2.9 Design of Fishways for Natural Obstructions - Functional ............... .46
2.10 Design of Fishways for Natural Obstructions - Structural Design
and Construction ..................................................................................... 51
2.11 Maintenance and Evaluation of Fishways at Natural Obstructions ....... 53
2.12 Literature Cited ....................................................................................... 55
Chapter 3
FISHWAYS AT DAMS ...................................................................................... 57
3 .1 Dams and Their Effects on Migratory Fish ........................................... 57
3.2 Types of Dams ........................................................................................ 58
3.2.1 Concrete Arch Dam ...................................................................... 59
3.2.2 Concrete Gravity Dam .................................................................. 60
3.3.3 Ambursen, or Buttress, Dam ......................................................... 60
3.3.4 Earth and Rock Fill Dams ............................................................ 60
3.2.5 Timber Crib Dam .......................................................................... 61
3.3 How Dam Operation Can Affect Fishway Design ................................. 61
3.4 The Fish Entrance - General ................................................................ 63
3.5 Fish Entrances - Spillways ................................................................... 67
3.6 Fish Entrances - Powerhouse (Powerhouse Collection Systems) ....... 73
3.7 Auxiliary (or Attraction) Water .............................................................. 85
3 .8 Use of the Deni! Fish way at Dams ......................................................... 86
3.9 Use of the Vertical Slot Fishway at Dams ............................................. 88
3.10 Use of the Weir-Type Fishway at Dams ................................................ 91
3.11 Fishway Capacity .................................................................................... 96
3.12 Fishway Exits ........................................................................................ 103
3.13 Hydraulic Models .................................................................................. 106
3.14 Fish Passage during Construction ......................................................... 112
3.15 Fishway Costs ....................................................................................... 113
3.16 Design Considerations for Anadromous Species Worldwide .............. 115
3 .17 Fish ways for Eels .................................................................................. 121
3 .18 Fish ways for Other Catadromous Species ............................................ 127
3.19 Literature Cited ..................................................................................... 127
Chapter 4
FISH LOCKS AND FISH ELEVATORS ........................................................ 131
4.1 Definitions and History ......................................................................... 131
4.2 Fish Locks ............................................................................................. 133
4.3 Fish Elevators ........................................................................................ 140
4.4 Costs of Fish Locks and Fish Elevators ............................................... 148
4.5 Comparison of Fish Locks and Fish Elevators .................................... 149
4.6 Literature Cited ..................................................................................... 150
Chapter 5
FENCES (OR WEIRS) AND BARRIER DAMS ............................................. 151
5.1 Barriers - General ............................................................................... 151
5.2 Adult Counting Fences - Selection of the Site .................................. 152
5.3 Adult Counting Fences - Detailed Design ......................................... 155
5.4 Fences for Enumeration of Downstream Migrant Juvenile Fish ......... 162
5.5 Barrier Fences for Adults ...................................................................... 162
5.6 Costs of Fences ..................................................................................... 165
5.7 Barrier Dams ......................................................................................... 166
5.8 Electrical Barriers .................................................................................. 170
5.9 The Great Lakes Lamprey Barrier ........................................................ 170
5.10 Literature Cited ..................................................................................... 172
Chapter 6
PROTECTION FOR DOWNSTREAM MIGRANTS ...................................... 173
6.1 The Problem .......................................................................................... 173
6.2 Fish Losses due to Hydroelectric Plants ............................................... 175
6.3 Prevention of Losses in Intakes ............................................................ 178
6.3.1 Behavioral Barriers ..................................................................... 178
6.3.2 Physical Barriers and Diversion Devices ................................... 179
6.4 Approach Velocity as Determined by Swimming Ability ................... 179
6.5 Mesh Types and Sizes for Screens ....................................................... 183
6.6 The Bypass ............................................................................................ 187
6.7 Screens for Irrigation Ditches - The Revolving Drum Screen .......... 189
6.8 Inclined Plane Screens .......................................................................... 192
6.9 Screens for Industrial Intakes - Fixed, Perpendicular to Flow .......... 194
6.10 Screens for Industrial Intakes - Mechanical or Self-Cleaning .......... 196
6.11 Louver Diverters .................................................................................... 199
6.12 Partial Solutions to Protecting Downstream Migrants at
Hydroelectric Intakes ............................................................................ 201
6.13 Literature Cited ...................................................................................... 202
Chapter 7
FISH PASSAGE THROUGH ROAD CULVERTS ......................................... 205
7 .1 The Problem .......................................................................................... 205
7.2 Biological Aspects ................................................................................. 205
7 .3 Engineering Considerations .................................................................. 207
7.4 Finding a Solution for New Culverts ................................................... 208
7 .5 Making Existing Culverts Passable ...................................................... 210
7.6 Recommendations - General .............................................................. 214
7 .6.1 For New Culvert Installations ..................................................... 214
7.6.2 For Retrofitting of Old Culverts ................................................. 215
7.7 Literature Cited ...................................................................................... 215
7.8 Other References ................................................................................... 216
Addendum
AD.I Improvements to Facilities on Columbia River Dams ......................... 217
AD.2 Improvements to Revolving Screens .................................................... 218
AD.3 Fishways for Catadromous Fish in Australia ....................................... 218
AD.4 Literature Cited ...................................................................................... 220
Appendix A
ELEMENTARY HYDRAULICS ...................................................................... 221
A.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 221
A.2 Units of Measurement ........................................................................... 222
A.3 Definitions ............................................................................................. 222
A.4 Assumptions .......................................................................................... 223
A.5 Fundamental Equation of Flow, Q =AV .............................................. 223
A.6 Flow through Orifices ........................................................................... 224
A.7 Flow over Weirs .................................................................................... 226
A.8 Flow in Open Channels ........................................................................ 229
A.9 Measurement of Flowing Water ........................................................... 230
A.10 Measurement of Flow in Pipes ............................................................. 23 l
A.11 Measurement of Flows by Weirs and Orifices .................................... 232
A.12 Measurement of Flow in Natural Streams ............................................ 233
A.13 Additional Reading ............................................................................... 236
Appendix B
GLOSSARY OF COMMON NAMES OF FISH USED ................................. 237
Index .................................................................................................................. 241
1 FISHWAYS - GENERAL
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Many different types of devices have been used to facilitate migration of fish
past dams, waterfalls, and rapids. The type of fish facility that will be described in
this chapter is known in general as a fishway, fish ladder, or fish pass. The terms
fishway and fish ladder are used in North America, and fish pass is used in Europe.
For the sake ofuniformity,fishway will be used throughout this text. Chapters 2 and
3 will deal with the types of fishway that enable the fish to swim upstream under their
own effort. Fish locks and fish elevators, which lift the fish over an obstruction, will
be dealt with in Chapter 4.
Regardless of what they may be called in different areas of the world, and the
species of fish they are designed to accommodate, fishways all have basically the
same definition. They are essentially a water passage around or through an obstruc-
tion, designed to dissipate the energy in the water in such a manner as to enable fish
to ascend without undue stress.
Fish ways have a long history, with the earliest ones recorded almost 300 years
ago in Europe. Undoubtedly, there was a realization of the need for fishways even
before this, but in those earlier times, as one would expect, the problems involved in
meeting this need were very poorly understood. Unfortunately, almost the same lack
of understanding has persisted down to modern times, and we are now in the position
of having to overtake, in a matter of a few years, the fish-passage problems created
by a hundred years of industrial development. In many areas it is too late to apply
our knowledge, because the populations of migratory fish have been completely
destroyed, and the problems of restoring them in such cases are often insurmount-
able. There are, however, many migratory species of fish left in the rivers of the
world, and our growing confidence in scientific research and management, coupled
with the recognition of the need for preservation, cannot help but enable us to achieve
a large measure of success in preserving and even increasing their numbers. The
construction of adequate fishways is one of the means needed to achieve this end.
1