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RainerMalle(cid:1)e,WernerFuchs, RolfEligehausen DesignofFasteningsforUse inConcrete--theCEN/TS 1992-4Provisions RelatedTitles (cid:1) Rainer Mallee, Werner Fuchs, Rolf Eligehausen Design of Fastenings for Use in Concrete -- the CEN/TS 1992-4 Provisions TheAuthors AllbookspublishedbyErnst&Sohnarecarefullyproduced. Nevertheless,authors,editors,andpublisherdonotwarrant Dr.-Ing.RainerMalle(cid:1)e theinformationcontainedinthesebooks,includingthisbook, Stockengartenstr.12 tobefreeoferrors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat 72178Waldachtal statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsorother Germany itemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate. Dr.-Ing.WernerFuchs LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor UniversityofStuttgart InstituteofConstructionMaterials BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData Pfaffenwaldring4 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritish 70569Stuttgart Library. Germany Prof.Dr.-Ing.RolfEligehausen Bibliographicinformationpublishedbythe UniversityofStuttgart DeutscheNationalbibliothek InstituteofConstructionMaterials TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationinthe Pfaffenwaldring4 DeutscheNationalbibliografie;detailedbibliographicdataare 70569Stuttgart availableontheInternetat<http://dnb.d-nb.de>. Germany #2013WilhelmErnst&Sohn,Verlagf€urArchitekturund technischeWissenschaftenGmbH&Co.KG,Rotherstra(cid:2)e TheEditorsofBeton-Kalender 21,10245Berlin,Germany Prof.Dipl.-Ing.DDr.Dr.-Ing.E.h. KonradBergmeister Allrightsreserved(includingthoseoftranslationintoother Ingenieurb€uroBergmeister languages).Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinany Peter-Jordan-Str.113 form–byphotoprinting,microfilm,oranyothermeans–nor 1180Wien transmittedortranslatedintoamachinelanguagewithout Austria writtenpermissionfromthepublishers.Registerednames, trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,evenwhennotspecifically Dr.-Ing.FrankFingerloos markedassuch,arenottobeconsideredunprotectedbylaw. GermanSocietyforConcreteand ConstructionTechnology PrintISBN: 978-3-433-03044-8 Kurf€urstenstr.129 ePDFISBN: 978-3-433-60270-6 10785Berlin ePubISBN: 978-3-433-60271-3 Germany mobiISBN: 978-3-433-60272-0 Prof.Dr.-Ing.Dr.h.c.mult. oBookISBN: 978-3-433-60273-7 Johann-DietrichWo€rner GermanAerospaceCenter Typesetting ThomsonDigital,Noida,India LinderH€ohe PrintingandBinding betz-druck,Darmstadt,Germany 51145K€oln Germany Printedonacid-freepaper. Translation:Dr.-Ing.WernerFuchs, Stuttgart,Germany Cover:City-tunnelMalm€o,Sweden (2005-2009) #fischerSverigeAB NiklasSvensson TheoriginalGermantextispublishedinBeton- Kalender2012(ISBN978-3-433-02989-3)and titled:BemessungvonVerankerungeninBeton nachCEN/TS1992-4. V Contents Editorial.................................................................................. XI 1 Introduction................................................................................. 1 2 Fieldsofapplication................................................................... 3 3 Basisofdesign........................................................................... 13 3.1 General................................................................................................ 13 3.2 Verifications........................................................................................ 14 3.3 Partialfactors...................................................................................... 15 3.3.1 General................................................................................................ 15 3.3.2 Actions................................................................................................ 15 3.3.3 Resistance........................................................................................... 16 3.3.3.1 Ultimatelimitstate............................................................................. 16 3.3.3.2 Serviceabilitylimitstate..................................................................... 18 4 Derivationofforcesactingonfasteners................................... 19 4.1 General................................................................................................ 19 4.2 Tensionloads...................................................................................... 19 4.2.1 Tensionloadsonfasteningswithpost-installedfastenersandheaded fasteners.............................................................................................. 19 4.2.2 Tensionloadsonfasteningswithanchorchannels............................. 21 4.3 Shearloads.......................................................................................... 23 4.3.1 Shearloadsonfasteningswithpost-installedandheadedfasteners... 23 4.3.2 Shearloadsonfasteningswithanchorchannels................................. 35 4.4 Tensionforcesinasupplementaryreinforcement.............................. 36 5 Verificationofultimatelimitstatebyelasticanalysisfor post-installedfasteners(mechanicalsystems)........................ 41 5.1 General................................................................................................ 41 5.2 Tensionload........................................................................................ 42 5.2.1 Requiredverifications......................................................................... 42 5.2.2 Steelfailure......................................................................................... 44 5.2.3 Pull-out/pull-throughfailure............................................................... 44 5.2.4 Conicalconcretebreak-outfailure..................................................... 45 5.2.4.1 Characteristicresistanceofasinglefastener...................................... 46 5.2.4.2 Effectofspacingandedgedistance.................................................... 48 5.2.4.3 Effectofheavysurfacereinforcement(shellspalling)....................... 55 5.2.4.4 Effectoftheeccentricityoftheload................................................... 57 5.2.4.5 Specialcases:threeorfouredgeswithc <c ................................ 59 i cr,n 5.2.5 Splitting.............................................................................................. 61 5.2.5.1 Splittingfailureduringinstallationofpost-installedfasteners........... 61 5.2.5.2 Splittingfailureofloadedpost-installedfasteners............................. 61 5.3 Shearload........................................................................................... 63 5.3.1 Requiredverifications......................................................................... 63 5.3.2 Steelfailurewithoutleverarm............................................................ 64 VI Contents 5.3.3 Steelfailurewithleverarm................................................................. 64 5.3.4 Pry-outfailure..................................................................................... 65 5.3.5 Concreteedgefailure.......................................................................... 68 5.3.5.1 Characteristicresistanceofasinglefastener...................................... 69 5.3.5.2 Effectofspacing................................................................................. 70 5.3.5.3 Effectofedgedistancesparalleltotheloaddirection........................ 73 5.3.5.4 Effectofmemberthickness................................................................ 73 5.3.5.5 Effectoftheeccentricityoftheload................................................... 74 5.3.5.6 Effectofloaddirection....................................................................... 76 5.3.5.7 Effectofthepositionofthefastening................................................. 77 5.3.5.8 Specialcase:narrowthinmember...................................................... 77 5.4 Combinedtensionandshearload....................................................... 80 5.4.1 Steelfailuredecisivefortensionandshearload................................. 80 5.4.2 Othermodesoffailuredecisive.......................................................... 81 6 Verificationofpost-installedfasteners(chemicalsystems)for theultimatelimitstatebasedonthetheoryofelasticity.......... 83 6.1 General................................................................................................ 83 6.2 Tensionload........................................................................................ 83 6.2.1 Requiredverifications......................................................................... 83 6.2.2 Steelfailure......................................................................................... 84 6.2.3 Combinedpull-outandconcretefailure............................................. 84 6.2.3.1 Characteristicresistanceofasinglefastener...................................... 86 6.2.3.2 Edgedistanceandspacing.................................................................. 86 6.2.3.3 Effectofcloselyspacedfasteners....................................................... 87 6.2.3.4 Effectofheavyreinforcement(shellspalling)................................... 88 6.2.3.5 Effectoftheeccentricityoftheload................................................... 89 6.2.3.6 Specialcase:threeorfouredgeswithc <c ............................... 89 i cr,Np 6.2.4 Concreteconefailure.......................................................................... 89 6.2.5 Splitting.............................................................................................. 89 6.3 Shearload........................................................................................... 89 6.3.1 Requiredverifications......................................................................... 89 6.3.2 Steelfailureduetoshearloadwithoutandwithleverarm................ 90 6.3.3 Concretepry-out................................................................................. 90 6.3.4 Concreteedgefailure.......................................................................... 90 6.4 Combinedtensionandshear............................................................... 90 7 Verificationofultimatelimitstatebyelasticanalysisfor headedfasteners........................................................................ 91 7.1 General................................................................................................ 91 7.2 Tensionforcesinthesupplementaryreinforcement........................... 91 7.2.1 Detailingofsupplementaryreinforcementincaseoftensionloaded fastenings............................................................................................ 91 7.2.2 Detailingofsupplementaryreinforcementincaseofshearloaded fastenings............................................................................................ 92 7.3 Tensionload........................................................................................ 92 Contents VII 7.3.1 Requiredverifications......................................................................... 92 7.3.1.1 Fasteningwithoutsupplementaryreinforcement............................... 92 7.3.1.2 Fasteningswithsupplementaryreinforcement................................... 93 7.3.2 Steelfailure......................................................................................... 93 7.3.3 Pull-outfailure.................................................................................... 93 7.3.4 Concreteconefailure.......................................................................... 93 7.3.5 Splitting.............................................................................................. 94 7.3.6 Localconcretebreak-out(blow-out).................................................. 94 7.3.6.1 Characteristicresistanceofasingleheadedfastener.......................... 95 7.3.6.2 Effectofspacingandfurtheredgedistances...................................... 95 7.3.6.3 Freecomponentedges........................................................................ 97 7.3.6.4 Effectofthebearingareaonthebehaviourofgroups........................ 97 7.3.6.5 Effectofloadeccentricity................................................................... 97 7.3.6.6 Effectofthepositionofthefastening................................................. 98 7.3.7 Steelfailureofthesupplementaryreinforcement............................... 98 7.3.8 Anchoragefailureofthesupplementaryreinforcementinthe concretecone...................................................................................... 98 7.4 Shearload........................................................................................... 99 7.4.1 Requiredverifications......................................................................... 99 7.4.1.1 Fasteningswithoutsupplementaryreinforcement.............................. 99 7.4.1.2 Fasteningswithsupplementaryreinforcement................................... 99 7.4.2 Steelfailureoftheheadedfastener..................................................... 99 7.4.3 Concretepry-outfailure...................................................................... 99 7.4.4 Concreteedgefailure.......................................................................... 99 7.4.5 Steelfailureofthesupplementaryreinforcement............................... 99 7.4.6 Anchoragefailureofthesupplementaryreinforcementinthe concretebreak-outbody..................................................................... 100 7.5 Combinedtensionandshearload....................................................... 100 8 Verificationofultimatelimitstatebyelasticanalysisfor anchorchannels......................................................................... 101 8.1 General................................................................................................ 101 8.2 Tensionforcesinthesupplementaryreinforcement........................... 103 8.2.1 Detailingofsupplementaryreinforcementincaseoftensionloaded anchorchannels.................................................................................. 103 8.2.2 Detailingofsupplementaryreinforcementincaseofshearloaded anchorchannels.................................................................................. 104 8.3 Tensionload........................................................................................ 104 8.3.1 Requiredverifications......................................................................... 104 8.3.1.1 Anchorchannelswithoutsupplementaryreinforcement.................... 104 8.3.1.2 Anchorchannelswithsupplementaryreinforcement......................... 105 8.3.2 Steelfailureofchannelboltandchannel............................................ 105 8.3.3 Pull-outfailure.................................................................................... 105 8.3.4 Concreteconefailure.......................................................................... 105 8.3.4.1 Characteristicresistanceofasingleanchor........................................ 105 8.3.4.2 Effectofneighbouringanchors.......................................................... 106 VIII Contents 8.3.4.3 Effectofedgesoftheconcretemember............................................. 108 8.3.4.4 Effectofacorneroftheconcretemember......................................... 109 8.3.4.5 Effectofdensesurfacereinforcement(shellspalling)....................... 109 8.3.4.6 Effectoftheanchorchannelposition................................................. 109 8.3.4.7 Effectofanarrowmember................................................................. 110 8.3.5 Splittingoftheconcrete...................................................................... 111 8.3.6 Blow-outfailure.................................................................................. 111 8.3.7 Steel-andanchoragefailureofthesupplementaryreinforcement..... 112 8.4 Shearloads.......................................................................................... 112 8.4.1 Requiredverifications......................................................................... 112 8.4.2 Channelbolt(specialscrew)andlocalflexureofchannellip............ 112 8.4.3 Concretepry-outfailure...................................................................... 112 8.4.4 Concreteedgefailure.......................................................................... 113 8.4.4.1 Characteristicresistanceofoneanchor(basicresistance).................. 113 8.4.4.2 Influenceofneighbouringanchors..................................................... 113 8.4.4.3 Effectofacorner................................................................................ 115 8.4.4.4 Effectofthethicknessofthestructuralcomponent........................... 116 8.4.4.5 Effectofloadparalleltotheedge....................................................... 117 8.4.4.6 Effectoftheanchorchannelposition................................................. 117 8.4.4.7 Effectofanarrowmember................................................................. 118 8.4.4.8 Steelandanchoragefailureofthesupplementaryreinforcement...... 119 8.5 Combinedtensionandshearloads..................................................... 119 9 Plasticdesignapproach,fasteningswithheadedfasteners andpost-installedfasteners...................................................... 121 9.1 General................................................................................................ 121 9.2 Conditionsofapplication.................................................................... 121 9.3 Distributionofexternalforcestothefastenersofagroup.................. 123 9.4 Designoffastenings............................................................................ 125 10 Durability..................................................................................... 127 10.1 General................................................................................................ 127 10.2 Fastenersindry,internalconditions................................................... 127 10.3 Fastenersinexternalatmosphericorinpermanentlydampinternal exposureandhighcorrosionexposure............................................. 127 10.3.1 Fasteningsinexternalatmosphericorinpermanentlydampinternal exposure.............................................................................................. 128 10.3.2 Fastenersinhighcorrosionexposurebychlorideandsulphur dioxide................................................................................................ 128 11 Exposuretofire........................................................................... 131 11.1 General................................................................................................ 131 11.2 Basisofdesign.................................................................................... 132 11.3 Resistancesundertensionandshearload........................................... 135 11.3.1 Steelfailureundertensionloadandshearload.................................. 135 11.3.2 Steelfailureundershearloadwithleverarm..................................... 136 Contents IX 11.3.3 Pull-outundertensionload................................................................. 136 11.3.4 Concretebreak-outundertensionloadandconcretepry-outfailure undershearload.................................................................................. 136 11.3.5 Concreteedgefailureundershearload.............................................. 137 12 Seismicloading.......................................................................... 139 12.1 General................................................................................................ 139 12.2 AdditionsandalterationstoEN1998-1:2004(Eurocode8).............. 139 12.3 Verificationofseismicloading........................................................... 141 12.3.1 General................................................................................................ 141 12.3.2 Derivationofactions........................................................................... 142 12.3.3 Resistance........................................................................................... 142 13 Outlook........................................................................................ 145 References.......................................................................................... 147 Index................................................................................................... 153 XI Editorial The “Concrete Yearbook” is a very important source of information for engineers involved in design, analysis, planning and production of concrete structures. It is published on a yearly basis and offers chapters devoted to various subjects with high actuality. Any chaptergives extended information based on the latest state of the art, written by renowned experts in the areas considered. The subjects change every year and may return in later years for an updated treatment. This publication strategy guarantees,thatnotonlythemostrecentknowledgeisinvolvedinthepresentationof topics, but that the choice of the topics itself meets the demand of actuality as well. Fordecadesalreadythethemeschosenaretreatedinsuchaway,thatontheonehand the reader is informed about the backgrounds and on the other hand gets acquainted withpracticalexperience,methodsandrulestobringthisknowledgeintopractice.For practicing engineers, this is an optimum combination. Engineering practice requires knowledgeofrulesandrecommendations,aswellasunderstandingofthetheoriesor assumptions behind them, in order to find adequate solutions for the wide scope of problems of daily or special nature. Duringthehistoryofthe“ConcreteYearbook”aninterestingdevelopmentwasnoted. Intheearlyeditionsthemesofinterestwerechosenonanincidentalbasis.Meanwhile, however,thebuildingindustryhasgonethrougharemarkabledevelopment.Wherein thepastpredominantlymattersconcerningstructuralsafetyandserviceabilitywerein the centre of attention, nowadays an increasing awareness develops due to our responsibility with regard to society in a broader sense. This is reflected e.g. by the wishtoavoidproblemsrelatedtolimiteddurabilityofstructures.Expensiverepairof structures has been, and unfortunately still is, necessary because of insufficient awareness of deterioration processes of concrete and reinforcing steel in the past. Therefore structural design should focus now on realizing structures with sufficient reliability and serviceability for a specified period of time, without substantial maintenance costs. Moreover we are confronted with a heritage of older structures thatshouldbeassessedwithregardtotheirsuitabilitytosafelycarrytheoftenincreased loadsappliedtothemtoday.Hereseveralaspectsofstructuralengineeringhavetobe considered in an interrelated way, like risk, functionality, serviceability, deterioration processes, strengthening techniques, monitoring, dismantlement, adaptability and recycling of structures and structural materials, and the introduction of modern high performance materials. Also the significance of sustainability is recognized. Thisaddedtotheawarenessthatdesignshouldnotfocusonlyonindividualstructures and their service life, but as well on their function in a wider context, with regard to harmony with their environment, acceptance by society, the responsible use of resources,lowenergyconsumptionandeconomy.Moreovertheconstructionprocesses should become cleaner, with less environmental nuisance and pollution. Theeditorsofthe“ConcreteYearbook”haveclearlyrecognizedthoseandothertrends andoffernowaselectionofcoherentsubjectswhichresortunderacommon“umbrella” ofabroadersocietaldevelopmentofhighrelevance.Inordertobeabletocopewiththe corresponding challenges the reader is informed about progress in technology,