Design of CMOS Analog Integrated Fractional-Order Circuits: Applications in Medicine and Biology

123 Pages·2017·3.5 MB·English

by  Georgia Tsirimokou

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN
ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Georgia Tsirimokou
Costas Psychalinos
Ahmed Elwakil
Design of CMOS
Analog Integrated
Fractional-Order
Circuits
Applications in
Medicine and Biology
123
SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer
Engineering
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10059
Georgia Tsirimokou (cid:129) Costas Psychalinos
Ahmed Elwakil
Design of CMOS Analog
Integrated Fractional-Order
Circuits
Applications in Medicine and Biology
GeorgiaTsirimokou CostasPsychalinos
PhysicsDepartment PhysicsDepartment
ElectronicsLaboratory ElectronicsLaboratory
UniversityofPatras UniversityofPatras
RioPatras,Greece RioPatras,Greece
AhmedElwakil
DepartmentofElectrical
andComputerEngineering
UniversityofSharjah
Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates
NanoelectronicsIntegrated
SystemsCenter(NISC)
NileUniversity
Cairo,Egypt
ISSN2191-8112 ISSN2191-8120 (electronic)
SpringerBriefsinElectricalandComputerEngineering
ISBN978-3-319-55632-1 ISBN978-3-319-55633-8 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-55633-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017935037
©TheAuthor(s)2017
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Preface
It is known that many dynamic systems in our world can be better described by
differential equations of a non-integer-order, i.e., they behave like non-integer-
order(fractional-order)systems.Suchsystemscanbefoundnotonlyinelectronics
and signal processing, but also in thermodynamics, biology, chemistry, medicine,
mechanics, control theory, nanotechnologies, finances, etc. Thus, fractional-order
systems are an emerging area of multidisciplinary research labeled even as the
“twenty-firstcenturysystems.”Electronicengineersareveryinterestedinapplying
the concept of fractional calculus. It is motivated mainly by the interdisciplinary
nature ofthis research andpossibility toobtain qualitativelynew circuit solutions
thatcanprovidecharacteristicsnotavailableatinteger-ordersystems.Forexample,
the capability for stepless control of the slope of frequency characteristics in
fractional-order filters in comparison with the corresponding integer-order filters
isanattractivefeature.Fractional-orderimpedancecircuitsarealsoverypromising
in modeling electrical properties of biological materials, tissues, or cells. Oscilla-
torsoffractional-orderprovidepossibilityofobtaininghigheroscillationfrequen-
cies compared to the integer-order counterparts with the same values of passive
elementparametersofferingarbitraryphaseshiftbetweenoutputsignals.
This book deals with the design and realization of analog fractional-order
circuits,whichofferthefollowingbenefits:(i)capabilityforon-chipimplementa-
tion,(ii)capabilityforlow-voltageoperation,and(iii)electronicadjustmentoftheir
characteristics.Applicationsoffractional-ordercircuits,including:apreprocessing
stagesuitablefortheimplementationofthePan-Tompkinsalgorithmfordetecting
theQRScomplexesofanelectrocardiogram(ECG),afullytunableimplementation
of the Cole-Cole model used for the modeling of biological tissues, and a simple
non-impedance based measuring technique for super-capacitors. A part of the
material presented in this book, originates from the work done by Georgia
v
vi Preface
Tsirimokou for her Ph.D. at University of Patras, Greece. It includes details and
measurementresultsforeachresearchproject,supportedbyGrantΕ.029fromthe
ResearchCommitteeoftheUniversityofPatras(ProgrammeK.Karatheodori).
RioPatras,Greece GeorgiaTsirimokou
RioPatras,Greece CostasPsychalinos
Sharjah,UAE AhmedElwakil
Cairo,Egypt
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 FractionalCalculus. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
1.2 LiteratureOverview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 BookObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 ProcedureforDesigningFractional-OrderFilters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Fractional-OrderGeneralizedFilters(Orderα). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1 Fractional-OrderDifferentiator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.2 Fractional-OrderIntegrator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Fractional-OrderGeneralizedFilters(Orderα). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.1 Fractional-OrderLow-PassFilter(FLPF). . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 Fractional-OrderHigh-PassFilter(FHPF). . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.3 Fractional-OrderBand-PassFilter(FBPF). . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.4 Fractional-OrderAll-PassFilter(FAPF). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.5 DesignEquationsforGeneralizedFiltersofOrderα. . . . . 20
2.4 Fractional-OrderGeneralizedFilters(Order1þα). . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.1 Fractional-OrderLow-PassFilter(FLPF). . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.2 Fractional-OrderHigh-PassFilter(FHPF). . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.3 Fractional-OrderBand-PassFilter(FBPF). . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.4 Fractional-OrderBand-StopFilter(FBSF). . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.5 DesignEquationsforGeneralizedFilters
ofOrder1þα. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5 Fractional-OrderGeneralizedFilters(Orderαþβ). . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.5.1 Fractional-OrderLow-PassFilter(FLPF). . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.5.2 Fractional-OrderHigh-PassFilter(FHPF). . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5.3 Fractional-OrderBand-PassFilter(FBPF). . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5.4 Fractional-OrderBand-StopFilter(FBSF). . . . . . . . . . . . 31
vii
viii Contents
2.5.5 DesignEquationsforGeneralizedFilters
ofOrderαþβ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.6 Fractional-OrderFiltersofOrdernþα. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.6.1 DesignEquationsforGeneralizedFilters
ofOrdernþα. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.7 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3 Current-ModeFractional-OrderFilters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2 BasicBuildingBlocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.3 Fractional-OrderFilterswithLargeTime-Constant. . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.4 SimulationandComparisonResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.4.1 First-OrderFilterUsingCurrentMirrors
withLargeTime-Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.4.2 Fractional-OrderCircuitsUsingCurrentMirrors
withLargeTime-Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4 Voltage-ModeFractional-OrderFilters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2 BasicBuildingBlocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.3 Fractional-OrderGeneralizedFilters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.4 SimulationResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5 EmulationofFractional-OrderCapacitors(CPEs)
andInductors(FOIs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.2 ProposedEmulationSchemeforVoltageExited
CPEandFOI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.3 ProposedEmulationSchemeforCurrentExcited
CPEandFOI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.4 ChipFabricationandExperimentalResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.4.1 EffectsofVariationoftheExternalCapacitors
oftheChip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.4.2 EffectsofVariationoftheBiasCurrent
oftheChip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.4.3 EffectsofVariationofboththeBiasCurrent(I )
o
andExternalCapacitors(C )oftheChip. . . . . . . . . . . . 74
ext
5.5 Fractional-OrderResonatorsUsingEmulated
CPEsandFOIs. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . 80
5.6 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Contents ix
6 ApplicationsofFractional-OrderCircuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.2 APreprocessingStageSuitableforImplementation
ofthePan-TompkinsAlgorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.3 AfullyTunableImplementationoftheCole-ColeModel. . . . . . . 96
6.4 SimpleNon-impedance-BasedMeasuringTechnique
forSupercapacitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.5 DesignandEvaluationofaFractional-OrderOscillator. . . . . . . . 105
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7 ConclusionsandMotivationforFutureWork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.1 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.2 MotivationforFutureWork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
About the Authors
Georgia Tsirimokou received B.Sc. degree in Physics and M.Sc. degree in
Electronics and Communications from the University of Patras, Greece, in 2011
and2013,respectively.SheiscurrentlyaPh.D.candidateworkingwiththeanalog
Integrated Circuits Design group of the Electronics Laboratory, Department of
Physics, University of Patras, Greece. Her main research interests are focused on
the design of ultra-low voltage analog signal processing blocks, including
fractional-ordercircuitsaswellascircuitsforbiomedicalapplications.
Costas Psychalinos received his B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Physics and
ElectronicsfromtheUniversityofPatras,Greece,in1986and1991,respectively.
From 1993 to 1995, he worked as Post-Doctoral Researcher in the VLSI Design
Laboratory,UniversityofPatras.From1996to2000,hewasanAdjunctLecturerin
the Department of Computer Engineering and Informatics, University of Patras.
From2000to2004heservedasAssistantProfessorintheElectronicsLaboratory,
DepartmentofPhysics,AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,Greece.From2004he
serves as faculty member in the Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics,
UniversityofPatras,Greeceand,currently,heisFullProfessor.Hisresearchareais
in the continuous and discrete-time analog filtering, including fractional-order
circuits, companding filters, current amplifier filters, CCII and CFOA filters, and
sampled-data filters, and in the development of ultra-low voltage building blocks
forbiomedicalapplications.HeservesasAreaEditoroftheInternationalJournal
of Electronics and Communications (AEU) Journal, and Associate Editor of the
Circuits Systems and Signal Processing Journal. He is member of the Editorial
Board of the Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing Journal, and
MicroelectronicsJournal.HeisalsoanIEEESeniorMember.
Ahmed Elwakil was born in Cairo, Egypt. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc.
degrees from the Department of Electronics and Communications at Cairo
University, Cairo, Egypt, and the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland, University College
xi