Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits 2nd eddition

801 Pages·2016·9.11 MB·English

by  behzad razavi

Razavi-3930640 raz24936˙FM˙00i-xviii December18,201510:37 i
Design of Analog CMOS
Integrated Circuits
Second Edition
Behzad Razavi
Professor of Electrical Engineering
University of California, Los Angeles
Razavi-3930640 raz24936˙FM˙00i-xviii December18,201510:37 ii
DESIGNOFANALOGCMOSINTEGRATEDCIRCUITS,SECONDEDITION
PublishedbyMcGraw-HillEducation,2PennPlaza,NewYork,NY10121.Copyright(cid:2)c 2017byMcGraw-Hill
Education.Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Previousedition(cid:2)c 2001.Nopartof
thispublicationmaybereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseor
retrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwrittenconsentofMcGraw-HillEducation,including,butnotlimitedto,in
anynetworkorotherelectronicstorageortransmission,orbroadcastfordistancelearning
Someancillaries,includingelectronicandprintcomponents,maynotbeavailabletocustomersoutsidethe
UnitedStates.
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
1234567890QVS/QVS 109876
ISBN978-0-07-252493-2
MHID0-07-252493-6
SeniorVicePresident,Products&Markets: KurtL.Strand
VicePresident,GeneralManager,Products&Markets: MartyLange
VicePresident,ContentDesign&Delivery: KimberlyMeriwetherDavid
ManagingDirector: ThomasTimp
GlobalBrandManager: RaghuSrinivasan
Director,ProductDevelopment: RoseKoos
ProductDeveloper: VincentBradshaw
MarketingManager: NickMcFadden
DirectorofDigitalContent: ChelseaHaupt,Ph.D
Director,ContentDesign&Delivery: LindaAvenarius
ProgramManager: FayeM.Herrig
ContentProjectManagers: HeatherErvolino;SandraSchnee
Buyer: JenniferPickel
ContentLicensingSpecialists:LorraineBuczek(Text)
Compositor: MPSLimited
Printer: Quad/Graphics
Allcreditsappearingonpageorattheendofthebookareconsideredtobeanextensionofthecopyrightpage.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Razavi,Behzad.
DesignofanalogCMOSintegratedcircuits/BehzadRazavi,professorofelectricalengineering,
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.–Secondedition.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-07-252493-2(alk.paper)–ISBN0-07-252493-6(alk.paper)1.
AnalogCMOSintegratedcircuits.2.Linearintegratedcircuits–Designand
construction.3.Metaloxidesemiconductors,Complementary.I.Title.
TK7874.654.R392017
621.3815–dc23 2015035303
TheInternetaddresseslistedinthetextwereaccurateatthetimeofpublication.Theinclusionofawebsitedoes
notindicateanendorsementbytheauthorsorMcGraw-HillEducation,andMcGraw-HillEducationdoesnot
guaranteetheaccuracyoftheinformationpresentedatthesesites.
mheducation.com/highered
Razavi-3930640 raz24936˙FM˙00i-xviii December18,201510:37 iii
To the memory of my parents
Razavi-3930640 raz24936˙FM˙00i-xviii December18,201510:37 iv
Preface to the Second Edition
WhenIsubmittedproposalstopublishersforthefirsteditionofthisbook,theyposedtwoquestionsto
me:(1)Whatisthefuturedemandforanalogbooksinadigitalworld?and(2)Isitwisetopublishabook
dealingsolelywithCMOS?Thewords“analog”and“CMOS”inthebook’stitlewerebothinquestion.
Fortunately, the book resonated with students, instructors, and engineers. It has been adopted by
hundredsofuniversitiesaroundtheworld,translatedtofivelanguages,andcited6,500times.
Whilemanyfundamentalsofanalogdesignhavenotchangedsincethefirsteditionwasintroduced,
severalfactorshavecalledforasecond:migrationofCMOStechnologiestofinergeometriesandlower
supply voltages, new approaches to analysis and design, and the need for more detailed treatments of
sometopics.Thiseditionprovides:
• Greater emphasis on modern CMOS technology, culminating in a new chapter, Chapter 11, on
designmethodologiesandstep-by-stepopampdesigninnanometerprocesses
• ExtensivestudyoffeedbackthroughtheapproachesbyBodeandMiddlebrook
• AnewsectionontheanalysisofstabilityusingNyquist’sapproach—astheoft-usedBodemethod
fallsshortinsomecommonsystems
• StudyofFinFETs
• Sidebarshighlightingimportantpointsinnanometerdesign
• Anewsectiononbiasingtechniques
• Studyoflow-voltagebandgapcircuits
• Morethan100newexamples
Someinstructorsaskwhywebeginwithsquare-lawdevices.Thisisfortworeasons:(1)suchapath
servesasanintuitiveentrypointandprovidesconsiderablevalueintheanalysisofamplifiersintermsof
allowablevoltageswings,and(2)despitetheirveryshortchannellengths,FinFETs—thedevicesused
in16-nmnodesandbelow—exhibitnearlysquare-lawcharacteristics.
ThisbookisaccompaniedwithasolutionsmanualandanewsetofPowerPointslides,availableat
www.mhhe.com/razavi.
BehzadRazavi
July2015
iv
Razavi-3930640 raz24936˙FM˙00i-xviii December18,201510:37 v
PrefacetotheSecondEdition v
Preface to the First Edition
Inthepasttwodecades,CMOStechnologyhasrapidlyembracedthefieldofanalogintegratedcircuits,
providinglow-cost,high-performancesolutionsandrisingtodominatethemarket.Whilesiliconbipolar
andIII-Vdevicesstillfindnicheapplications,onlyCMOSprocesseshaveemergedasaviablechoicefor
theintegrationoftoday’scomplexmixed-signalsystems.Withchannellengthsprojectedtoscaledown
to0.05μm,CMOStechnologywillcontinuetoservecircuitdesignforanothertwodecades.
Analogcircuitdesignitselfhasevolvedwiththetechnologyaswell.High-voltage,high-poweranalog
circuitscontainingafewtensoftransistorsandprocessingsmall,continuous-timesignalshavegradually
beenreplacedbylow-voltage,low-powersystemscomprisingthousandsofdevicesandprocessinglarge,
mostlydiscrete-timesignals.Forexample,manyanalogtechniquesusedonlytenyearsagohavebeen
abandonedbecausetheydonotlendthemselvestolow-voltageoperation.
ThisbookdealswiththeanalysisanddesignofanalogCMOSintegratedcircuits,emphasizingfun-
damentals as well as new paradigms that students and practicing engineers need to master in today’s
industry.Sinceanalogdesignrequiresbothintuitionandrigor,eachconceptisfirstintroducedfroman
intuitiveperspectiveandsubsequentlytreatedbycarefulanalysis.Theobjectiveistodevelopbothasolid
foundationandmethodsofanalyzingcircuitsbyinspectionsothatthereaderlearnswhatapproximations
canbemadeinwhichcircuitsandhowmucherrortoexpectineachapproximation.Thisapproachalso
enablesthereadertoapplytheconceptstobipolarcircuitswithlittleadditionaleffort.
IhavetaughtmostofthematerialinthisbookbothatUCLAandinindustry,polishingtheorder,the
format, and the content with every offering. As the reader will see throughout the book, I follow four
“goldenrules”inwriting(andteaching):(1)Iexplainwhythereaderneedstoknowtheconceptthatis
to be studied; (2) I put myself in the reader’s position and predict the questions that he/she may have
whilereadingthematerialforthefirsttime;(3)WithRule2inmind,Ipretendtoknowonlyasmuch
asthe(first-time)readerandtryto“grow”withhim/her,therebyexperiencingthesamethoughtprocess;
(4)Ibeginwiththe“core”conceptinasimple(evenimprecise)languageandgraduallyaddnecessary
modificationstoarriveatthefinal(precise)idea.Thelastruleisparticularlyimportantinteachingcircuits
because it allows the reader to observe the evolution of a topology and hence learn both analysis and
synthesis.
The text comprises 16 chapters whose contents and order are carefully chosen to provide a natural
flowforbothself-studyandclassroomadoptioninquarterorsemestersystems.Unlikesomeotherbooks
onanalogdesign,wecoveronlyabareminimumofMOSdevicephysicsatthebeginning,leavingmore
advancedpropertiesandfabricationdetailsforlaterchapters.Toanexpert,theelementarydevicephysics
treatment my appear oversimplified, but my experience suggests that (a) first-time readers simply do
not absorb the high-order device effects and fabrication technology before they study circuits because
theydonotseetherelevance;(b)ifproperlypresented,eventhesimpletreatmentprovesadequatefora
substantialcoverageofbasiccircuits;(c)readerslearnadvanceddevicephenomenaandprocessingsteps
muchmorereadilyaftertheyhavebeenexposedtoasignificantamountofcircuitanalysisanddesign.
Chapter1providesthereaderwithmotivationforlearningthematerialinthisbook.Chapter2describes
basicphysicsandoperationofMOSdevices.
Chapters3through5dealwithsingle-stageanddifferentialamplifiersandcurrentmirrors,respectively,
developingefficientanalyticaltoolsforquantifyingthebehaviorofbasiccircuitsbyinspection.
Chapters6and7introducetwoimperfectionsofcircuits,namely,frequencyresponseandnoise.Noise
istreatedatanearlystagesothatit“sinksin”asthereaderaccountsforitseffectsinsubsequentcircuit
developments.
Chapters 8 through 10 describe feedback, operational amplifiers, and stability in feedback sys-
tems, respectively. With the useful properties of feedback analyzed, the reader is motivated to design
high-performance, stable op amps and understand the trade-offs between speed, precision, and power
dissipation.
Razavi-3930640 raz24936˙FM˙00i-xviii December18,201510:37 vi
vi PrefacetotheSecondEdition
Chapters11through13dealwithmoreadvancedtopics:bandgapreferences,elementaryswitched-
capacitor circuits, and the effect of nonlinearity and mismatch. These three subjects are included here
becausetheyproveessentialinmostanalogandmixed-signalsystemstoday.
Chapter 14 is concerned with high-order MOS device effects and models, emphasizing the circuit
designimplications.Ifpreferred,thechaptercandirectlyfollowChapter2aswell.Chapter15describes
CMOSfabricationtechnologywithabriefoverviewoflayoutdesignrules.
Chapter16presentsthelayoutandpackagingofanalogandmixed-signalcircuits.Manypracticalissues
thatdirectlyimpacttheperformanceofthecircuitaredescribedandvarioustechniquesareintroduced.
Thereaderisassumedtohaveabasicknowledgeofelectroniccircuitsanddevices,e.g., pnjunctions,
theconceptofsmall-signaloperation,equivalentcircuits,andsimplebiasing.Forasenior-levelelective
course,Chapters1through8canbecoveredinaquarterandChapters1through10inasemester.Fora
first-yeargraduatecourse,Chapters1through11plusoneofChapters12,13,or14canbetaughtinone
quarter,andalmosttheentirebookinonesemester.
Theproblemsetsattheendofeachchapteraredesignedtoextendthereader’sunderstandingofthe
materialandcomplementitwithadditionalpracticalconsiderations.Asolutionsmanualwillbeavailable
forinstructors.
BehzadRazavi
July2000
Acknowledgments for the Second Edition
Thesecondeditionwasenthusiasticallyandmeticulouslyreviewedbyalargenumberofindividualsin
academiaandindustry.Itismypleasuretoacknowldegetheircontributions:
SaheedAdeoluTijani(UniversityofPavia)
FiroozAflatouni(UniversityofPennsylvania)
PietroAndreani(LundUniversity)
EmilyAllstot(UniversityofWashington)
TejasviAnand(UniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign)
AfshinBabveyh(Stanford)
NimaBaniasadi(UCBerkeley)
SunYongCho(SeoulNationalUniversity)
MinSungChu(SeoulNationalUniversity)
Yi-YingCheng(UCLA)
JenyChu(UCLA)
MiladDarvishi(Qualcomm)
LuisFei(Intel)
AndreaGhilioni(UniversityofPavia)
ChengkaiGu(UCLA)
PayamHeydari(UCIrvine)
Cheng-EnHsieh(NationalTaiwanUniversity)
Po-ChiunHuang(NationalTsing-HuaUniversity)
Deog-KyoonJeong(SeoulNationalUniversity)
NaderKalantari(Broadcom)
Razavi-3930640 raz24936˙FM˙00i-xviii December18,201510:37 vii
PrefacetotheSecondEdition vii
AlirezaKarimi(UCIrvine)
EhsanKargaran(UniversityofPavia)
SotiriosLimotyrakis(QualcommAtheros)
XiaodongLiu(LundUniversity)
NimaMaghari(UniversityofFlorida)
ShahriarMirabbasi(UniversityofBritishColumbia)
HosseinMohammadnezhad(UCIrvine)
AmirNikpaik(UniversityofBritishColumbia)
AriaSamiei(UniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
KiaSalimi(IMEC)
AlirezaSharif-Bakhtiar(UniversityofToronto)
GuanghuaShu(UniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign)
DavidSu(QualcommAtheros)
SiyuTan(LundUniversity)
JeffreyWang(UniversityofToronto)
Tzu-ChaoYan(NationalChiao-TungUniversity)
EhzanZhianTabasy(UniversityofTexasA&M)
Inaddition,mycolleagueJasonWooexplainedtomemanysubtletiesofnanometerdevicesandtheir
physics.Iwishtothankall.
The production of the book has been in the hands of Heather Ervolino and Vincent Bradshaw of
McGraw-Hill,whotirelesslyattendedtoeverydetailoverasix-monthperiod.Iwouldliketothankboth.
Finally, I wish to thank my wife, Angelina, for her continual help with typing and organizing the
chapters.
Acknowledgments for the First Edition
Writing a book begins with a great deal of excitement. However, after two years of relentless writing,
drawing,andrevising,whenthebookexceeds700pagesanditisalmostimpossibletomaketheequations
andsubscriptsandsuperscriptsinthelastchapterconsisentwiththoseinthefirst,theauthorbeginsto
feel streaks of insanity, realizing that the book will never finish without the support of many other
people.
Thisbookhasbenefitedfromthecontributionsofmanyindividuals.AnumberofUCLAstudentsread
thefirstdraftandtheprevieweditionsentencebysentence.Inparticular,AlirezaZolfaghari,EllieCijvat,
and Hamid Rafati meticulously read the book and found several hundred errors (some quite subtle).
Also,EmadHegazi,DaweiGuo,AlirezaRazzaghi,JafarSavoj,andJingTianmadehelpfulsuggestions
regardingmanychapters.Ithankall.
Manyexpertsinacademiaandindustryreadvariouspartsofthebookandprovidedusefulfeedback.
AmongthemareBrianBrandt(NationalSemiconductor),MattCorey(NationalSemiconductor),Terri
Fiez(OregonStateUniversity),IanGalton(UCSanDiego),AliHajimiri(Caltech),StacyHo(Analog
Devices),YinHu(TexasInstruments),Shen-IuanLiu(NationalTaiwanUniversity),JoeLutsky(National
Semiconductor),AmitMehrotra(UniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign),DavidRobertson(Analog
Devices),DavidSu(T-Span),TaoSun(NationalSemiconductor),RobertTaft(NationalSemiconductor),
andMasoudZargari(T-Span).JasonWoo(UCLA)patientlyenduredandansweredmyquestionsabout
devicephysics.Ithankall.
Razavi-3930640 raz24936˙FM˙00i-xviii December18,201510:37 viii
viii PrefacetotheSecondEdition
RameshHarjani(UniversityofMinnesota),JohnNyenhius(PurdueUniversity),NormanTien(Cornell
University),andMahmoudWagdy(CaliforniaStateUniversity,LongBeach)reviewedthebookproposal
andmadevaluablesugegstions.Ithankall.
My wife, Angelina, has made many contributions to this book, from typing chapters to finding nu-
merouserrorsandraisingquestionsthatmademereexaminemyownunderstanding.Iamverygrateful
toher.
ThetimelyproductionofthebookwasmadepossiblebythehardworkofthestaffatMcGraw-Hill,
particularlyCatherineFields,MichelleFlomenhoft,HeatherBurbridge,DeniseSantor-Mitzit,andJim
Labeots.Ithankall.
Ilearnedanalogdesignfromtwomasters:MehrdadSharif-Bakhtiar(SharifUniversityofTechnology)
andBruceWooley(StanfordUniversity),anditisonlyappropriatethatIexpressmygratitudetothem
here.WhatIinheritedfromthemwillbeinheritedbymanygenerationsofstudents.
Razavi-3930640 raz24936˙FM˙00i-xviii December18,201510:37 ix
About the Author
BehzadRazavireceivedtheBSEEdegreefromSharifUniversityofTechnologyin1985andtheMSEE
andPhDEEdegreesfromStanfordUniversityin1988and1992,respectively.HewaswithAT&TBell
LaboratoriesandHewlett-PackardLaboratoriesuntil1996.Since1996,hehasbeenAssociateProfessor
andsubsequentlyProfessorofElectricalEngineeringatUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.Hiscurrent
research includes wireless transceivers, frequency synthesizers, phase-locking and clock recovery for
high-speeddatacommunications,anddataconverters.
ProfessorRazaviwasanAdjunctProfessoratPrincetonUniversityfrom1992to1994,andatStanford
University in 1995. He served on the Technical Program Committees of the International Solid-State
CircuitsConference(ISSCC)from1993to2002andVLSICircuitsSymposiumfrom1998to2002.He
hasalsoservedasGuestEditorandAssociateEditoroftheIEEEJournalofSolid-StateCircuits,IEEE
TransactionsonCircuitsandSystems,andInternationalJournalofHighSpeedElectronics.
Professor Razavi received the Beatrice Winner Award for Editorial Excellence at the 1994 ISSCC,
thebestpaperawardatthe1994EuropeanSolid-StateCircuitsConference,thebestpanelawardatthe
1995and1997ISSCC,theTRWInnovativeTeachingAwardin1997,thebestpaperawardattheIEEE
CustomIntegratedCircuitsConferencein1998,andtheMcGraw-HillFirstEditionoftheYearAwardin
2001.HewasthecorecipientofboththeJackKilbyOutstandingStudentPaperAwardandtheBeatrice
WinnerAwardforEditorialExcellenceatthe2001ISSCC.HereceivedtheLockheedMartinExcellence
in Teaching Award in 2006, the UCLA Faculty Senate Teaching Award in 2007, and the CICC Best
InvitedPaperAwardin2009andin2012.Hewasthecorecipientofthe2012VLSICircuitsSymposium
BestStudentPaperAwardandthe2013CICCBestPaperAward.Hewasalsorecognizedasoneofthetop
10authorsinthe50-yearhistoryofISSCC.Hereceivedthe2012DonaldPedersonAwardinSolid-State
CircuitsandtheAmericanSocietyforEngineeringEducationPSWTeachingAwardin2014.
Professor Razavi has served as an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer and is a Fellow of IEEE. He is the
authorofPrinciplesofDataConversionSystemDesign,RFMicroelectronics,DesignofAnalogCMOS
Integrated Circuits, Design of Integrated Circuits for Optical Communications, and Fundamentals of
Microelectronics, and the editor of Monolithic Phase-Locked Loops and Clock Recovery Circuits and
Phase-LockinginHigh-PerformanceSystems.
ix